Characters used in morphology-based cladistic analysis of Lyonia group of the Andromedeae. Plesiomorphic characters are listed first, followed by apomorphic ones. (Polarity decisions based on Enkianthus.)

1. Secondary phloem without bands of fibers (0); secondary phloem with bands of fibers (1).
2. Pith heterogeneous (0); pith homogeneous (1); pith Calluna-type (2). [unordered]
3. Bud scales numerous to 2, if the latter than minute (0); bud scales 2, enlarged (1).
4. Leaves conduplicate in bud (0); leaves revolute in bud (1).
5. Leaves alternate (0); leaves whorled (1).
6. Secondary and tertiary veins not equally prominent (0); secondary and tertiary veins ± equally prominent (1).
7. Leaf margin serrate or serrulate (0); leaf margin ± entire (1).
8. Leaves deciduous (0); leaves persistent (1).
9. Leaf midrib (as seen in cross-section) unifacial (0); leaf midrib bifacial (1).
10. Leaf epidermis not lignified (0); leaf epidermis at least slightly lignified (1).
11. Leaf hypodermis lacking (0); hypodermis present (1).
12. Multicellular hairs with small glandular head (or hairs not glandular) (0); multicellular hairs with expanded and elongated, glandular head (1).
13. Peltate scales lacking (0); peltate scales present (1).
14. Stalk of multicellular hairs multiseriate (0); stalk of multicellular hairs biseriate (1).
15. Stomata anomocytic (0); stomata paracytic (1).
16. Inflorescence terminal (0); inflorescence axillary (1).
17. Inflorescence monotelic (with a terminal flower) (0); inflorescence polytelic (lacking a terminal flower) (1).
18. Inflorescence in bud (0); inflorescence exposed during winter (1).
19. Pedicels not articulated with flower (0); pedicels articulated with flower (1).
20. Pedicel lacking bracteoles (0); pedicel with 2 or more bracteoles (1).
21. Calyx of imbricate lobes (0); calyx of valvate lobes (1).
22. Calyx lobes brown, ± dry at maturity (0); calyx lobes colorful, fleshy at maturity (1).
23. Adaxial calyx stomata lacking (0); adaxial calyx stomata present (1).
24. Corolla lacking multicellular hairs on outer surface (0); such hairs present (1).
25. Abaxial corolla stomata present (0); abaxial corolla stomata lacking (1).
26. Filaments straight (0); filaments S-shaped (1).
27. Filaments with unicellular hairs, these varing in length, to 0.15-0.8 mm long (0); filaments minutely roughened/papillose, the cellular extension uniform in length, ca. 0.01-0.05 mm long (1); filaments smooth (2). [unordered]
28. Filaments free (0); filaments connate (1).
29. Anthers inverting late in development, shortly before the bud opens (or shortly before bud reaches full size) (0); anthers inverting early in development (1).
30. Stamens with projections (awns or spurs) (0); such projections lacking (1).
31. Projections borne on anther, erect to deflexed, i.e., awns (0); projections (spurs) borne at junction of anther and filament (1); projections (spurs) borne on filament (2). [unordered]
32. Projections single (or lacking) (0); projections (awns) divided (1).
33. Anthers lacking disintegration tissue (0); back of anthers with disintegration tissue (1).
34. Disintegration tissue not extending onto the spurs (appendages) or spurs lacking (0); disintegration tissue extending onto the spurs (1).
35. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits (0); anthers opening by "terminal" pores (1).
36. Anthers lacking tubules (0); anthers with tubules (1).
37. Endothecium present and with a fibrous layer (0); endothecium lacking or present and without a fibrous layer (1).
38. Pollen shed as monads (0); pollen shed as tetrads (1).
39. Ovary superior (0); ovary inferior (1).
40. Ovary lacking multicellular, gland-headed hairs (0); ovary with multicellular gland-headed hairs or peltate scales (1)
41. Placentae positioned ± apically (0); placentae positioned ± centrally (1); placentae positioned basally (2). Note: For taxa listed in Table 4, the values of the capsule length/columella+placenta length for state 0 are 1-1.35; for state 1 are 1.35-2.2; and for state 2 are 2.9-4.5. (see Fig. 4).
42. Antipodals 3, not dividing, breaking down soon after fertilization (0); antipodals several, dividing and persistent after fertilization (1).
43. Fruit a capsule (0); fruit a berry (1).
44. Capsule lacking thickened sutures (0); capsule with thickened sutures, these often separating from the valves (1).
45. Seeds with a vascular bundle in the raphe (0); seeds without a vascular bundle in the raphe (1).
46. Seed lacking fringe (0); seed with fringe due to expanded and/or elongated, ± bulging cells (1).
47. Seed lacking tails (0); seed with tails (expanded portion of texta at hilum and chalazal ends) (1).
48. Seed lacking unilateral wing (0); seed with unilateral wing (due to flattening of chalazal end of seed) (1).
49. Testa cells ± isodiametric (in surface view) (0); testa cells much elongated (1). Note: For taxa in Table 4 the values of cell length/cell width (for cells in central portion of seed) for taxa possessing state 0 are 0.5-2.5 and for taxa with state 1 are (3.5-)5-15(-20).
50. Base chromosome number x=11 (0); base chromosome number x=12 (1).

Characters used in morphology-based cladistic analysis of Andromedeae. Plesiomorphic characters are listed first, followed by apomorphic ones. (Polarity decisions based on trees rooted with Enkianthus.)

1. Secondary phloem without bands of fibers (0); secondary phloem with bands of fibers (1).
2. Pith heterogeneous (0); pith homogeneous (1); pith Calluna-type (2). [unordered]
3. Bud scales numerous to 2, if the latter than minute (0); bud scales 2, enlarged (1).
4. Leaves convolute in bud (0); leaves revolute in bud (1).
5. Leaves alternate (0); leaves whorled (1).
6. Leaf venation ± pinnate (0); leaf venation ± parallel (1).
7. Vein reticulum ± open, the secondary and tertiary veins not equally prominent (0); vein reticulum dense, the secondary and tertiary veins ± equally prominent (1).
8. Leaf margin serrate or serrulate (0); leaf margin entire (1).
9. Leaf margin lacking raised glands (0); leaf margin with raised glands (1).
10. Leaves deciduous (0); leaves persistent (1). [polarity questionable; see Table 3]
11. Leaf midrib (as seen in cross section) unifacial (0); leaf midrib bifacial (1).
12. Fiber strands absent from leaf mesophyll (0); fiber strands present in leaf mesophyll (1).
13. Leaf epidermis not lignified (0); leaf epidermis at least slightly lignified (1).
14. Leaf epidermal cells not elongated (as seen in cross section) (0); epidermal cells elongated (1).
15. Hypodermis lacking (0); hypodermis present (1).
16. Multicellular hairs on leaves present (0); multicellular hairs lacking (1).
17. Multicellular hairs with small glandular head (or hairs not glandular (0); multicellular hairs with expanded and elongated, glandular head (1).
18. Peltate scales lacking (0); peltate scales present (with margin irregular-erose) (1); peltate scales present (with margin ± entire (2). [unordered]
19. Stalk of multicellular hair multiseriate (0); stalk of multicellular hair biseriate (1).
20. Stomata anomocytic (0); stomata paracytic (1); stomata tetracytic (2). [unordered]
21. Inflorescences monotelic, i.e., terminal flowers present (0); inflorescences polytelic, i.e., terminal flowers lacking (1).
22. Inflorescences developing (and producing flowers and fruits) on shoots of the current season (0); inflorescences developing (and producing flowers and fruits) on shoots of the previous season (1).
23. Inflorescences within bud (0); inflorescences exposed during winter or dormant season (1).
24. Pedicel lacking bracteoles (0); pedicel with two bracteoles (1); pedicel with several bracteoles (2). [unordered]
25. Bracteoles distinct, variably positioned (0); bracteoles connate, apical (1).
26. Pedicel not articulated with flower (0); pedicel articulated with flower (1).
27. Calyx of imbricate lobes (0); calyx of valvate lobes (1).
28. Calyx lobes brown, dry at maturity (0); calyx lobes usually colorful, fleshy at maturity (1).
29. Adaxial calyx stomata lacking (0); adaxial calyx stomata present (1).
30. Corolla lacking unicellular hairs on inside surface (0); corolla with unicellular hairs on inside surface (1).
31. Corolla lacking multicellular hairs on outer surface (0); corolla with multicellular hairs on outer surface (1).
32. Abaxial corolla stomata present (0); abaxial corolla stomata absent (1).
33. Filaments straight (0); filaments S-shaped (1).
34. Filaments distinct (0); filaments connate (1).
35. Filaments free from corolla (0); filaments adnate to corolla (1).
36. Filaments with unicellular hairs (0); filaments papillose or minutely roughened (1); filaments smooth (2). [unordered]
37. Anthers inverting late in development (0); anthers inverting early in development (1).
38. Anthers with projections (awns or spurs) (0); such projections absent (1).
39. Projections borne on anther, erect to deflexed (0); projections borne at junction of anther and filament (1); projections borne on filament (2). [unordered]
40. Projections single (or lacking) (0); projections divided (1).
41. Tubules on anthers absent (0); tubules on anthers present (1).
42. Disintegration tissue on back of anthers absent (0); disintegration tissue present (1).
43. Disintegration tissue not extending onto the spurs (or spurs lacking) (0); disintegration tissue extending onto the spurs (1).
44. Anthers open by longitudinal slits (0); anthers open by "terminal" pores (1).
45. Pollen shed as monads (0); pollen shed as tetrads (or modified tetrads) (1).
46. Ovary superior (0); ovary inferior (1).
47. Ovary lacking multicellular gland-headed hairs (0); ovary with multicellular gland-headed hairs (or homologous hair types, e.g., scales) (1).
48. Locules not divided (0); locules incompletely divided by outgrowth of ovary wall (1).
49. Fruit dehiscent (0); fruit indehiscent (1).
50. Fruit lacking thickened sutures (0); fruit with thickened sutures that often separate from the valves in dehiscence (1).
51. Fruit a capsule (0); fruit a berry (1).
52. Seed with vascular bundle in the raphe (0); seed lacking vascular bundle in the raphe (1).
53. Seed lacking fringe formed from differentiated cells (0); seed with fringe due to expanded and/or elongated, ± bulging cells (1).
54. Seed lacking tails (0); seed with tails, i.e., expanded portion of testa at hilum and chalazal ends (1).
55. Seed lacking unilateral wing (0); seed with unilateral wing (resulting from a flattening of chalazal end of seed, with cells of the wing not differentiated from those of the body) (1).
56. Testa one-layered (except sometimes in the raphe) (0); testa with several cell layers (1).
57. Testa cells ± isodiametric (in surface view) (0); testa cells much elongated (1).
58. Methyl salicylate lacking (0); methyl salicylate present (1).
59. Basic chromosome number 11 (0); 12 (1); 18 (2). [unordered]
60. Toxic diterpenes of andromedotoxin type absent (0); toxic diterpenes of andromedotoxin type present (1).