Abramson, R. P., Aldrich, J. H., Paolino, P., & Rohde, D. W. (1995). Third-party and independent candidates in American politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot. Political Science Quarterly.

Abramson, P. R., Aldrich, J. H., Paolino, P., & Rohde, D. W. (1992). "Sophisticated" voting in the 1988 presidential primaries. American Political Science Review, 86, 55-.

Achter, P. J. (2000). Narrative, Intertextuality, and apologia in contemporary political scandals. Southern Communication Journal, 65, 318-333.

Althaus, S. L., Nardulli, P. F., & Shaw, D. R. (2002). Candidate appearances in presidential elections, 1972-2000. Political Communication, 19, 49-72.

Alvarez, P. A., & Nagler, J. (1995). Economics, issue and the Perot candidacy: Voter choice in the 1992 presidential election. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 714-744.

Anderson, K. E. (2001). Value/ethical issues in the 2000 election. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2068-2081.

Anderson, K. E., (1993). The role of ethical/value issues in campaigns: A longer-term view of "Family Values." American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 302-307.

Anderson, K. E. (1989). The politics of ethics and the ethics of politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 479-492.

Anderson, P. (1994). Electing Jimmy Carter: The campaign of 1976. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. [primarily about speech writing]

Artz, L., & Kamalipour, Y. R. (Eds.) (2004). Bring 'Em On: Media and politics in the U.S. war on Iraq. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Asen, R. (2004). A discourse theory of citizenship. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 90, 189-211.

Atkinson, R. (1984). Our masters' voices: The language and body language of politics. New York: Methuen.

Atkinson, N. S (2011). Newsreels as domestic propaganda: Visual rhetoric at the dawn of the Cold War. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 69–100.

Austin, E. W., Von de Vord, R., Pinkleton, B. E., Epstein, E. (2008). Celebrity endorsements and their potential to motivate young voters. Mass Communication & Society, 11, 420-436.

Austin, E., & Pinkleton, B. (1995). Positive and negative relationships of political disaffection perceptions on the less experienced voter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 215-235

Bailey, R. W. (1999). Gay politics, urban politics: Identity and economics in the urban setting. Columbia University Press.

Bantz, C. R., Petronio, S. G., & Rarick, S. L. (1987).. News diffusion after the Reagan shooting. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 69, 317-327.

Banwart, M. C. (2004). Meet the candidate videos: Analyzing presidential primary campaign videocassettes. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34, 470-472.

Barney, T. (2001). Celebrity, spectacle, and the conspiracy culture of election 2000. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2331-2337.

Bartels, L. M. (2000). Campaign quality: Standards for evaluation, benchmarks for reform. In L. M. Bartels & L. Vavreck (Eds.), Campaign reform: Insights and evidence (pp. 1-61). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bartels. L. M. (1988). Presidential primaries and the dynamics of public choice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.

Baym, G. (2007). Emerging models of journalistic authority in MTV’s coverage of the 2004 US presidential election. Journalism Studies, 8, 382-396.

Beavers, S. L. (2002). The West Wing as a pedagogical tool. Political Science and Politics, 35, 213-216.

Becker, L. B., & Krendl, K. A. (1983). Local voting decisions and the flow of campaign information. In R. N. Bostrom (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 7 (pp. 612-625). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Belsey, A. (1992). Privacy, publicity, and politics. In A. Belsey& R. Chadwick (Eds.), Ethical issues in journalism and the media (pp. 77-92). London: Routledge.

Bennett, S. E., Flickinger, R. S., & Rhine, S. L. (2000). Political talk over here, over there, over time. British Journal of Political Science, 30, 99-119.

Benoit, W. L. (2006). Retrospective versus prospective statements and outcome of presidential elections. Journal of Communication. 56, 331-345.

Benoit, W. L. (2004). Election outcome and topic of political campaign attacks. Southern Communication Journal, 69, 348-355.

Benoit, W. L. (2004). Political party affiliation and presidential campaign discourse. Communication Quarterly, 52, 81-97.

Benoit, W. L., Bolaney, J. R., & Pier, P. M. (1998). Campaign '96: A functional analysis of acclaiming, attacking, and defending. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Benoit, W. L., Hansen, G. J., & Holbert, R. L. (2004). Presidential campaigns and democracy. Mass Communication & Society, 7, 177-190.

Benoit, W. L., & McHale, J. P. (1999). Kenneth Starr's image repair discourse viewed in 20/20. Communication Quarterly, 47, 265-280.

Benoit, W. L., McHale, J. P., Hansen, G. J., Pier, P. M., & McGuire, J. P. (2003). Campaign 2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Benoit, W. L., & Nill, D. M. (1998). Oliver Stone's defense of JFK. Communication Quarterly, 46, 127-143.

Benson, T. W. (1996). Rhetoric, civility, and community: Political debate on computer bulletin boards. Communication Quarterly, 44, 359-378.

Berlin, G. (1991, November). Keep your hands where we can see them: The art of using political body language. Campaign & Elections, 12, 36-38.

Bernstein, A. (2005). Political interest and media use: Analyzing the youth vote. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. ). New York: Peter Lang.

Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 293-298). New York: Peter Lang.

Berry, J. (1992). David Duke: Triumph of the image. Television Quarterly, 25, 15-22.

Bhugra, D., & Ram-Gupta, K. (1996). Psychiatric episodes precipitated by elections. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 129-130.

Binstock, R. H. (1997). The 1996 election: Older voters and implications for policies on aging. Gerontologist, 37, 15-19.

Blackburn, C. C. (2003). Generic extremes: The Tilden-Gore analog. Carolinas Communication Annual, 19, 84-100.

Blair, D. M., & Parry-Giles, J. P. (2004). Rosalyn Carter: Crafting a presidential partnership rhetorically. In M. M. Wertheimer (Ed.) Inventing a voice: The rhetoric of American First Ladies of the twentieth century (pp. 341-364). Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield; 2004 pp. 341-64.

Blaney, J. R., & Benoit, W. L. (2001). The Clinton scandals and the politics of image restoration. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Blumler, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16, 209-230.

Bloch, L-R. (2000). Mobile discourse: Political bumper stickers as a communication event in Israel. Journal of Communication, 50, 48-76.

Bloch, L-R. (2000). Setting the public sphere in motion: The rhetoric of political bumper stickers in Israel. Political Communication, 17, 433-456.

Bostdorff, D. M. (1998). Hillary Rodham Clinton and Elizabeth Done as running "Mates" in the 1996 campaign: Parallels in the rhetorical constraints of First Ladies and Vice Presidents. In R. E. Denton (Ed.) The 1996 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 199-227). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Boyle, K. (Ed.) (1998). Organized labor and American politics, 1894-1994: The labor-liberal alliance. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Branham, R. J. (1999). "God Save the _____!" American national songs and national identities, 1760-1798. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 85, 17-37.

Brewer, P. R., & Sigelman, L. (2002). Political scientist as color commentators: Framing the expert commentary in media campaign coverage. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7, 23-35.

Brodie, M. (1996). Americans' political participation in the 1993-1994 national health care reform debate. Journal of Health, Politics, Policy, and Law, 21, 99-138.

Brokaw, T, Fallows, J., Jamieson, K. H., Matalin, M. (1997). Talk show democracy ’96 (a symposium discussion). The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2, 4-12.

Brooks, D. J., & Geer, J. G. (2007). Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 1–16.

Buckingham, D.(1997). News media, political socialization and popular citizenship: Towards a new agenda. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 14, 344-366.

Bucy, E. P., & D'Angelo, P. (2004). Democratic realism, neoconservaism, and the normative underpinnings of political communication research. Mass Communication & Society, 7, 3-28.

Buell E. H., Jr., & Sigelman, L. (2008). Attack politics: Negativity in presidential campaigns since 1960. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Bull, P., & Noordhuizen, M. (2000). The mistiming of applause in political speeches. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 275-94.

Bull, P. (1994). On identifying questions, replies, and non-replies in political interviews. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 115-131.

Bull, P. (1986). The use of hand gesture in political speeches: Some case studies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 5, 103-118.

Bull, P., & Mayer, K. (1993). How not to answer questions in political interviews.Political Psychology, 14, 651-665.

Bull, P., & Noordhuizen, M. (2000). The mistiming of applause in political speeches. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19, 275-294.

Burden, B. C. (2002). United States senators as presidential candidates, Political Science Quarterly, 117, 81-102.

Burgess, D., Haney, B., Snyder, M., Sullivan, J. L., & Transue, J. E. (2000). Rocking the vote: Using personalized message to motivate voting among young adults. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 29-52.

Campaigning for president: The managers look at 2004. The insitute of politics, John F. Kennedy School of Government. (2005) Harvard University.

Campbell, J. E. (1983). The electoral consequences of issue ambiguity: An examination of the presidential candidates' issue position from 1968 to 1980. Political Behavior, 5, 277-292.

Candiotti, S. (2000). The Elian photo op: Where TV news met street-corner politics. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 118-122.

Cao, X. . Political comedy shows and knowledge about primary campaigns: The moderating effects of age and education. Mass Communication & Society, 11, 43-61.

Chaffee, S. H., Saphir, M. N., Graf, J., Sandvig, C., & Hahn, K. S. (2001). Attention to counter-attitudinal messages in a state election campaign. Political Communication, 18, 247-272.

Clark, T. N. (2002). The presidency and the new political culture. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 535-552.

Claassen, R. L., & Highton, B. (2006). Does policy debate reduce information effects in public opinion? Analyzing the evolution of public opinion on health care. Journal of Politics, 68-410.

Clayman, S. E., Elliott, M. N., Heritage, J. & McDonald, L. L. (2006). Historical trends in questioning presidents, 1953-2000. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36, 561-583.

Cloud, D. L. (1998). Control and consolation in American culture and politics: Rhetorics of Therapy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Cohen, E. L. (2002). The rhetoric of the recount: Political legitimacy, voters, and the machines. In G. T. Goodnight (Ed.). Arguing communication & culture, Vol. II. (pp. 520-529). Annandale:VA: National Communication Association.

Cohen, J. E. (2004). If the news is so bad, why are presidential polls so high? Presidents, the news media, and the mass public in the era of the new media. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34, 493-515.

Cohen; J. E, & Powell, R. J. (2005). Building public support from the grassroots up: The impact of presidential travel on state level approval. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, 11-27.

Combs, J. E. (1979). Political advertising as a popular mythmaking form . The Journal of American Culture, 2, 331-340.

Collins, S. (2007). Traversing authenticates: The West Wing president and the activist Sheen. In Riegert, K (Ed.) Politicotainment: Television’s take on the real (pp. 181-211). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishers.

Conley, R. S. (2011). The harbinger of the unitary executive? An analysis of presidential signing Statements from Truman to Carter. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 41, 546-569.

Connaughton, S. L., & Jarvis, S. E. (2004). Invitations for partisan identification: Attempts to court latino voters through televised latino-oriented political advertisements, 1984-2000. Journal of Communication, 54, 38–54.

Cook, R., & McGillivray, A. V. (1997). U.S. primary elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Books.

Cooper, T. (1991). Negative image: Challenging your competitor's weaknesses. Campaign & Elections, 12, 18-25.

Corcoran, P. E., & Kendall, K. E. (1992). Communication in the first primaries: "The Voice of the People" in 1912. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 22, 15-29.

Coulter, P. B. (1992). There's a madness in the method: Redefining citizen contacting of elected officials. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 28, 297-316.

Corcoran, P. E., & Kendall, K. E. (1989, May). Communication in the first primaries: The 'Voice of the People' in 1912. Paper presented at the annual meeting the International Communication Association. San Francisco, CA.

Corrado, A. (1992). Creative campaigning: PACs and the presidential selection process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Cragan, J. F., & Cutbirth, C. W. (1984). A revisionist perspective on political ad hominem argument: A case study. Central States Speech Journal, 35, 228-237.

Culver, C. J. (2005). How government can enhance civic engagement" A perspective from the state. In M. S. McKinney,L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 69-78). New York: Peter Lang.

Curion, W. (2005). Second-term presidents: Free birds or lame ducks? In L. C. Han and D. J. Heith (Eds.) In the public domain: Presidents and the challenges of public leadership (pp.113-138). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Curry, B. W., Pacelle, R. L., & Marshall, B. W. (2008). "An informal and limited alliance": The president and the Supreme Court. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 38, 223–247.

Dalager, J. K. (1996). Voters, Issues, and Elections: Are the Candidates' Messages Getting Through? Journal of Politics, 58, 486-51.

Damore, D. F. (2005). Issue convergence in presidential campaigns, Political Behavior, 27,71-97.

Damore, D. F. (2002). Candidate strategy and the decision to go negative. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 669-685.

Darcy, R. E., & Richman, A. (1998).Presidential travel and public opinion. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 18, 85-90.

Davis, R. (1997). Understanding broadcast political talk. Political Communication, 14, 323-332.Davis, R., & Owen, D. (1997). The media in American politics. Boulder, CO: Westwood. (materials on talk shows, tabloid, etc.)

Davisson, A. (2011). Beyond the borders of red and blue states: Google maps as a site of rhetorical invention in the 2008 Presidential Election. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 101–124.

Delgado, F. (1999). The rhetoric of Fidel Castro: ideographs in the service of revolutionaries. Howard Journal of Communications, 10, 1-14.

Delli Carpini, M. X. (2005). An overview of the state of citizens' knowledge about politics. In M. S. McKinney,L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 27-40). New York: Peter Lang.

DeLuca, K. M. (1999). Image politics: The new rhetoric of environmental activism. New York, NY: Guilford Publishers

.DeLuca, A. R. (1998). Politics, diplomacy, and the media: Gorbachev's legacy in the West. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Denton, R. E., Jr. (2005). Moral leadership and the American presidency. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.

Denton , R. E., Jr. (2005). Religion and the 2004 presidential campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 11-31.

Denton, R. E. (Ed.) (2000). Political communication ethics: An oxymoron. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Denton, R. E., & Holloway, R. L. (Eds.) (2003). Images, scandal, and communication strategies of the Clinton presidency. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Denton, R. E. (Ed.) (1991). Ethical Dimensions of political communication. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Dervin, D. (1997). Group fantasy and its discontents during the Clinton administration. Journal of Psychohistory, 25, 184-193.

Dionisopoulos, G. (1986). Corporate advocacy advertising as political communication. In L. L. Kaid, D. Nimmo, & K. R. Sanders (Eds.), New perspectives on political advertising (pp. 82-106). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Djupe, P. A., & Peterson, D. A. M. (2002). The impact of negative campaigning: Evidence from the 1988 senatorial primaries. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 845-860.

Doppelt, J. C., & Shearer, E. (2000). Nonvoters: American's no-shows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Dover, E. D. (2002). Missed opportunity: Gore, incumbency, and television in election 2000. Westport, CT: :Praeger.Dow, B. J. (2001).

Ellen, television, and the politics of gay and lesbian visibility. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18, 123-140.

Dowd, M. (1999). Corporations as candidates. In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 47-51). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Downs, V. C., Kaid, L. L., & Ragan, S. (1990). The impact of argumentativeness and verbal aggression on communicator image: The exchange between George Bush and Dan Rather. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 98-112.

Dewberry, D. R., & Millen, J. H.1 (2014). Music as rhetoric: Popular music in presidential campaigns. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22, 81-92.

Dutwin, D. (2000). Knowledge in the 2000 primary elections. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 572, 17-25.

Erickson, K. V. (2000). Presidential rhetoric's visual turn: Performance fragments and the politics of illusionism. Communication Monographs, 67, 138-157.

Erickson, K. V. (1998). Presidential spectacles: Political illusionism and the rhetoric of travel. Communication Monographs, 65, 1441-153.

Esser, F., Reinemann, C., & Fan, D. (2001). Spin doctors in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany: Metacommunication about media manipulation. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 16-45.

Eveland, W. P., Jr. (2004). The effects of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The role of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177-193.

Faucheux, R. (1997). Strategies that win. Campaigns and Elections, 18, 24-32.Fedler, F. (1985). Election gimmick coverage in Florida newspapers. Mass Comm Review, 11, 18-28.

Farrar, M. E., & Warner, J. L. (2008). Spectacular resistance: The billionaires for Bush and the art of political culture jamming, Polity, 40, 273-296.

Feldman, J. (2007). Framing the debate: Famous presidential speeches and how progressives can use them to change the conversation. New York: IG Publishing.

Feldman, S., & Sigelman, L. (1985). The political impact of prime-time television: "The Day After". Journal of Politics, 47, 556-578.

Fenno, R. F., Jr. (1996). Senators on the campaign trail: The politics of representation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Fine, G. A., & Eisenberg, E. (2002). Tricky Dick and Slick Willy: Despised presidents and generational imprinting. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 553-565.

Foley, M. (2012). Sound bites: Rethinking the circulation of speech from fragment to fetish. Rhetoric & Public Affair, 15, 613-622.

Foote, J. S. (1990). Opposition rebuttals to presidential speeches. Political Communication Review, 15,1-9.

Fournier, P., Nadeau,R., Blais, A., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (2004). Time-of-voting decision and susceptibility to campaign effects. Electoral Studies, 23, 661-681.

Franklin, C. H. (1991). Eschewing obfuscation? Campaigns and the perception of U.S. Senate incumbents. American political Science Review, 85, 1193-1214.

Frankovic, K. A. (1985). The 1984 election: The irrelevance of the campaign. PS, 8, 39-47.

Frantzich, S., & Sullivan, J. (1996). The C-SPAN revolution. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Gans, C. (2005). Low voter turnout and the decline of American civic participation. In M. S. McKinney,L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 80-85). New York: Peter Lang.

Garment, S. (1988). Sleaze, scandal, and successful elections. Public Opinion, 11, 15-17.

Garramone, G. M., Harris, A. C., & Pizante, G. (1986). Predictors of motivation to use computer-mediated political communication systems. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30. 445-457.

Garvey, T. (2011). The Obama administration's evolving approach to the signing statement. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 41, 393-407.

Genovese, M. A. (2005). Celebrity in chief: The president as a pop culture icon. In L. C. Han and D. J. Heith (Eds.) In the public domain: Presidents and the challenges of public leadership (pp. 13-27). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Gerber, A. S., & Green. D. P. (2001). Do phone calls increase voter turnout? A field experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly 65, 75-85.

Gerber, A. S., & Green, D. P. (2000). The effect of a nonpartisan get-out-the-vote drive: An experimental study of leafletting. Journal of Politics, 62, 846-857.

Gerber, A. S., & Green, D. P. (2000). The effects of canvassing, direct mail, and telephone contact on voter turnout: A field experiment. American Political Science Review, 94, 653-663.

Gibson, R., & Rommele, A. (2001). A party-centered theory of professionalized campaigning. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 31-43.

Gibson, T. A. (2004). Covering the world-class downtown: Seattle's local media and the politics of Urban Redevelopment. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 21, 283-304.

Gilmour, J. B. (2011). Political theater or bargaining failure: Why presidents veto. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 41, 471-487.

Glassman, C., & Kenney, K. (1994). Myths & presidential campaign photographs. Visual Communication Quarterly, 1, 4-7.Gold, V. (1980). Image stratagems: Pick one for the '80s. Campaign and Elections, 1, 43-48.

Golebiowska, E. A. (in press). Political implications of group stereotypes: Campaign experiences of openly gay political candidates. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

Golebiowska, E. A., & Thomsen, C. J. (1999). Dynamics of attitudes towards openly gay and lesbian political candidates. In E. Rigg le& B. Tadlock (Eds.), Gays and lesbians in the democratic-process (pp. 192-219). New York: Columbia University Press.

Golden, A. L. (2001). Disputed ballots, partisan conflict, and constitutional uncertainty: The election of 2000 in historical context. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2252-2268.

Golden, J. L. (1986). Ethical implications of the Watergate hearings. In L. W. Hugenberg (Ed.), Rhetorical studies in honor of James L. Golden (pp. 97-121). Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.

Grandjean, B. D. (2001). Political communication and statistical interaction: Reexamining issue, image, involvement, and interpersonal conversation. Mass Communication & Society, 4, 455-464.

Green, D. P., Gerber, A. S., & Nickerson, D. W. (2003). Getting out the vote in local elections: Results from six door-to-door canvassing experiments. Institute for Social and Policy Studies, Yale. http://www.yale.edu/isps/publications/voter.html

Green, B., Carothers, R., Dagan, K., & Webster, S. (2001). Spectral analysis of candidates' nonverbal vocal communication: Predicting U.S. presidential election outcome. social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 298-315.

Groseclose, T., Krehbiel, K., & Crombez, C. (2006). Gatekeeping. Journal of Politics, 68, 322-.

Gurian, P. H., & Haynes, A. (1993). Campaign strategy in presidential primaries, 1976-88. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 335-341.

Hagen, M. G., Johnston, R., Jamieson, K. H., Dutwin, D., Kenski, K. (2000). Dynamics of the 2000 Republican primaries. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 572, 33-49.

Han, L. C., & Krov, M. J. (2005). Life after the White House: The public post-presidency and the develpment of presidential legacies. In L. C. Han and D. J. Heith (Eds.) In the public domain: Presidents and the challenges of public leadership (pp. 227-2547). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Harold, C. L. (2001). The green virus: Purity and contamination in Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4, 581-603.

Herrick, R., & Thomas, S. (1999). The effects of sexual orientation on citizen perceptions of candidate viability. In E. Riggle & B. Tadlock (Eds.) Gays and lesbians in the democratic process (pp. 170-191). New York: Columbia University Press.

Harringer, K. J. (2001). The law: The president and the independent counsel: Reflections on prosecutors, presidential prerogatives, and political power. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31, 338-348.

Hart, R. P. (2001). Citizen discourse and political participation: A survey. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 407-432). New York: NY: Cambridge University Press.

Hart, R. P. (2000). Campaign talk: Why elections are good for us. Princeton University Press.

Hart, R. P. (1998). Listening for the people's voice. National Forum, 78, 35-38.

Hasian, M., Jr. (2003). Franklin D. Roosevelt, the holocaust, and modernity's rescue rhetoric. Communication Quarterly, 51, 154-173.

Hayes, D., & Guardino, M. (2011). The influence of foreign voices on U.S. public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 55, 831–851.

Haynes, A. A., & Rhine, S. L. (1998). Attack politics in presidential nomination campaigns: An examination of the frequency and determinants of intermediated negative messages against opponents. Political Research Quarterly, 51, 691-721.

Heath, R. L. (1974). Common cause and nonpartisan influence in political campaigns: A case study. Central States Speech Journal, 25, 182-189.

Heith, D. J. (1998). Staffing the White House public opinion apparatus,1969-1988. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 165-189.

Herbst, S. (1995). On electronic public space: Talk shows in theoretical perspective. Political Communication, 12, 263-274.

Hero, R. E. (1986). Explaining citizen-initiated contacting of government officials: Socioeconomic status, perceived need, or something else? Social Science Quarterly, 67, 626-635.

Hershey, M. R. (1994). The meaning of a mandate: Interpretations of "mandate" in the 1984 presidential election coverage. Polity, 27, 225-254.

Hershey, M. R. (1993). Election research as spectacle: The Edelman vision and the empirical study of elections. Political Communication, 10, 121-140.

Hershey, M. R., & Holian, D. (2000). Constructing explanations for U.S. state governor's races: The abortion issue and the 1990 Gubernatorial elections. Political Communication, 17, 239-262.

Hill, K. A., Hughes, J. E. (1997). Computer-mediated political communities: The USENET and political communities. Political Communication, 14, 3-27.

Hillygus, D. S., & Jackman, S. (2003) Voter decision making in election 2000: Campaign effects, partisan activation, and the Clinton legacy, American Journal of Political Science, 47, 583-596.

Hively, M. H.; Eveland, W. P. (2009). Contextual antecedents and political consequences of adolescent political discussion, discussion elaboration, and network diversity. Political Communication, 26, 30-47.

Hodess, R., Tedescoe, J. C., & Kaid, L. L. (2000). British party election broadcasts: A comparison of 1992 and 1997. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 55-70.

Hogan, B., & Kiesel, D. (1984). Money business: PACs in the South. Southern Exposure, 12, 99-104.

Holbert, R. L. (2004). Political talk radio, perceived fairness, and the establishment of president George W. Bush’s political legitimacy. Harvard International Journal Press/Politics. 9, 12-27.

Holbert, R. L., Benoit, W. W., Hansen, G. J., & Wen, W-C (2002). The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry. Communication Monographs, 69, 296-310.

Holbert, R. L., Tschida, D. A., Dixon, M., Cherry, K., Steuber, K. & Airne, D. (2005). The West Wing and depictions of the American presidency: Expanding the domains of framing in political communication. Communication Quarterly, 53, 505-522.

Holbrook, T. (1966). Reading the political tea leaves: A forecasting model of contemporary presidential elections. American Politics Quarterly, 24, 506-519.

Hollihan, T. A. (2006). Si, Se Puede! An engaged look at the Villaraigosa Mayoral campaign. In P. Riley (Ed.) Engaging Argument (pp. 380-333-341) . Washington, DC: National Communication Association.

Horner, J. R., & Brewin, M. (2007). The Salt River Ticket, democratic discourse, and nineteenth centry American politics. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 1-20.

Huckfeldt. R., & Sprague, J. (1987). Networks in context: The social flow of political information. American Political Science Review, 81, 1197-1216.

Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 503-525.

Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 119-147.

Hurley, P. A., & Wilson, R. K. (1987). Strategic campaigning and voter shifts: A panel analysis of Houston's 1985 mayoral race. Social Science Quarterly, 68, 34-50

Iyengar, S. (2002). Experimental designs for political communication research: From shopping malls to the Internet. http://pcl.stanford.edu/common/docs/research/iyengar/2002/expdes2002.pdf

Iyengar, S., & Petrocik, J. R. (2000). "Basic Rule" voting: Impact of campaigns on party- and approval-based voting. In J. A. Thurber, C. J. Nelson, & D. A. Dulio, (Eds.) Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections (pp. 113-148). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Iyengar, S., & Simon, A. F. (2000). New perspectives and evidence on political communication and campaign effects. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 149-170.

Claassen, R. L., & Highton, B. (2006). Does policy debate reduce information effects in public opinion? Analyzing the evolution of public opinion on health care. Journal of Politics, 68-410.

Jackson, R A. (2002). Gubernatorial and senatorial campaign mobilization of voters. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 825-844.

Jacobson, G. C. (2015). How presidents shape their party's reputation and prospects: New evidence. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 45, 1–28.

Jacobson, G. C. (2012). The president's effect on partisan attitudes. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42. 683–718.

Jacoby, J., Troutman, T. R., & Whittler, T. E. (1986). Viewer miscomprehension of the 1980 presidential debate: A research note. Political Psychology, 7, 297-308.

Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (1996). Bridging the disciplinary divide. PS: Political Science & Politics, 29, 13-17.

Jamieson, K. H., Hagen, M. G., Orr, D., Sillaman, L., Morse, S., & Kirn, K (2000). What did the leading candidates say, and did it matter? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 572, 12-16.

Jamieson, K. H., & Waldman, P. (Eds) (2001). Electing the president 2000: The insiders' view. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Jarvis, S. E. (2005). The talk of the party: Political labels, symbolic capital, and American life. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.

Jarvis, S. E. (2001). Imagining political parties: A constructionist approach. In R. P. Hart & D. R. Shaw (Eds.), Communication in U.S. Elections: New Agendas (pp. 123-144). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub.

Jennings, W., Bevan, S., & John, P. (2010). The agenda of British governemnt: The speech from the throine, 1911-2008. Political Studies, 1-25.

Jerit, J. (2004). Survival of the fittest: Rhetoric during the course of an election campaign. Political Psychology, 25, 563-575.

Johnson-Cartee, K. (2004). News narratives and news framing: Constructing political reality. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Johnson-Cartee, K., Copeland, G. A., Marquez, A, Burord, J, & Stephens, J. (1998). Examining the demise of the national republican coalition. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3, 34-54.

Jones, J. P. (2005).. The shadow campaign in popular culture. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The 2004 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 195-216). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub.

Jones, J. P. (2004). Entertaining politics: New political television and civic culture. New York: Rowman Littlefield.

Jones, J. P. (2001). Forums for citizenship in popular culture. In R. P, Hart and B. H. Sparrow (Eds.), Politics, discourse, and American society: New agendas (pp. 193-210). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub., Inc.

Kahn, K. F., & Kenney, F. J. (1999). Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? Clarifying the relationship between negativity and participation. American Political Science Review, 93, 877-889.

Kaid, L. L., Tedesco, J. C., Bystrom, D. G., & McKinney (2003). The millennium election: Communication in the 2000 campaign. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Kaid, L. L., Downs, V. C., & Ragan, S. (1990). Political argumentation and violations of audience expectations: An analysis of the Bush-Rather encounter. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34, 1-15.

Karabell, Z. (2000). The last campaign: How Harry Truman won the 1948 election. Knopf.

Karp, J. A., & Tolbert, C. J. (2010). Support for nationalizing presidential elections. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40, 771-793.

Kassop, N. (2005). Not going pubic: Geroge W. Bush and the Presidential Records Act. In L. C. Han and D. J. Heith (Eds.) In the public domain: Presidents and the challenges of public leadership (pp. 255-278). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Keith, W. (1999). Rationality and the deliberative turn. Communication Theory, 9, 92-111.

Keller, J. W. (2005). Constraint respecters, constraint challengers, and crisis decision making in democracies: A case study analysis of Kennedy versus Reagan. Political Psychology, 26, 835-868.

Kendall, K. E. (2000). Communication in the presidential primaries: Candidates and the media, 1912-2000. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kendall, K. E. (1991, November). Negative campaigning in the presidential primaries: 1912-1992. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Atlanta, GA.

Kennedy, J. B. (2014). Signing statements, gridlock, and presidential strategy. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 44, 602–622.

Kenny, C. (1998). The behavioral consequence of political discussion: Another look at discussant effects on voter choice. Journal of Politics, 60, 231-244.

Kenski, H. C., & Kenski, K. M. (2005). Explaining the voite in a divided country: The presidential election of 2004. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The 2004 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 301-342). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub.

Kenski, K. (2000). Women and political knowledge during the 2000 primaries. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 572, 26-28.

Kenski, H. C., Chang, C., & Aylor, B. (1998). Explaining the vote: The presidential election of 1996. In R. E. Denton (Ed.) The 1996 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 263-284). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kiewe, A. (1999). The body as proof: Franklin D. Roosevelt's preparations for the 1932 presidential campaign. Argumentation and Advocacy, 36, 88-100.

Kim, J., Wyatt, R. O., & Katz, E. (1999). News, talk, opinion, participation: The part placed by conversation in deliberative democracy. Political Communication, 16, 361-385.

Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: the case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73-103.

King, A. (1992). Postmodern political communication: The fringe challenges the center. Westport, CT: Praeger.

King, D. C., & Morehouse, D. (2004). Moving voters in the 2000 presidential campaign: Local visits, local media. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 302-317). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Kenski, K., & Jamieson, K. H. (2010). The effects of candidate age in the 2008 presidential election. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40, 449-463.

Koch, J. W. (1998). Political rhetoric and political persuasion: The changing structure of citizen's preferences on health insurance during policy debate. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 209-229.

Krueger, E., & Corrigan, K. (1991). Broadcasters' understanding of political broadcast regulation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35, 289-304.

Kumar, M. J., & Grossman, M. B. (1986). Political communications from the White House: The interest group connection. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 16, 92-101.

Lacy, D., & Monson, Q. (2002). The origins and impact of votes for third-party candidates: A case study of the 1998 Minnesota Gubernatorial election. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 409-437.

Lammers, W. (1981). Presidential press-conference schedules: Who hides, and when? Political Science Quarterly, 261-277.

Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M. (2004). Negative campaigning: An analysis of U.S. Senate Elections. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M. (2002). Effectiveness of negative campaigning in U. S. Senate elections. American Journal of Political Science, 46, 47-66.

Lenart, S. (1997). Naming names in a Midwestern town: The salience of Democratic presidential hopefuls in early 1992. Political Behavior, 19, 365-382.

Leshner, G. & Thorson, E. (2000). Overreporting voting: Campaign media, public mood, and the vote. Political Communication, 17, 263-278.

Leuthold, D. A. (1994). Campaign Missouri 1992. University of Missouri Press.

Levine, K. J. (2005). Voter decision making: The tensions of personal identity, personal ethics, and personal benefit. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 63-77.

Levinson, S. (1988). Public lives and the limits of privacy. PS: Political Science & Politics, 21, 236-268.

Libby, R. T. (1999). Eco-wars: Political campaigns and social movements. Columbia University Press.

Lichman, A. J., & DeCell, K. (1990). The 13 keys to winning the presidency. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America.

Lipsitz, K., Trost, C., Grossmann, M., & Sides, J. (2005). What voters want from political campaign communication. Political Communication, 22, 337-354.

Litcher, S. R., Litcher, L. S., & Amundson, D. (2000). Government goes down the tube: Images of government in TV entertainment, 1955-1998. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 96-103.

Lukes, S. (1975). Political ritual and social integration, Sociology, 9, 289-308.

Madsen, A.,. & Fritch, J. (2015). 100 million buttons can't be wrong: Argument in political pinback buttons. In C. H. Palczewski, Ed., Disturbing argument (pp. 193-200). Routledge, New York.

Mahoney, J., Coogle, C. L., & Banks, P. D. (1984). Values in presidential inaugural addresses: A test of Rokeach's two-factor theory of political ideology, Psychological Reports, 55, 683-686.

Malchow, H. (2003). The New Political Targeting. Washington, DC: Campaigns and Elections.

Mancini, P. (1999). New frontiers in political professionalism. Political Communication, 16, 231-245.

Manheim, J. B. (1979). The honeymoon's over: The news conference and the development of presidential style. Journal of Politics, 41, 55-74.

Mansharamani, N. H. (2005). The presidential campaign communication of vice-presidents: So close and yet so far. In C. A. Williard (Ed.), Critical problems in argumentation (pp. 605-615). Washington, DC: National Communication Association.

Marra, R. F., Ostrom, C. W., & Simon, D. M. (1990). Foreign policy and presidential popularity: creating windows of opportunity in the perpetual election. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 34, 588-624.

Martinez, M. D., & Delegal, T. (1990). The irrelevance of negative campaigns to political trust: Experimental and survey results. Political Communication and Persuasion, 7, 25-40.

Marty, D. (2001). Arguing to win: The Florida vote recount. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate: The Journal of the the Cross Examination Debate Association, 22, 59-70.

Marvin, C. (1994). Fresh blood, public meat: Rituals of totem regeneration in the 1992 presidential race. Communication Research, 21, 264-292.

May, A. L. (2010). Who Tube? How YouTube’s news and politics space is going mainstream. International Journal of Press/Politics, 15, 499 –511.

McCormick, S., & Stuckey, M. (2013). Presidential Disfluency: Literacy, Legibility, and Vocal Political Aesthetics in the Rhetorical Presidency. Review of Communication, 13, 3-22.

McKinney, , M. S., Kaid, L. L., Bystrom, D. G., & Carlin, D. B. (2005). The role of communication in civic engagement. In M. S. McKinney,L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 3-26). New York: Peter Lang.

McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & Rucinski, D. M. (1988). Political communication research: An assessment of the field. Mass Comm Review, 15, 8-15, 30.

McMillan, J., & Ragan, S. (1983). The presidential press conference: A study in escalating institutionalization. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 8, 231-241.

Meadow, R. G. (1985). Political communication research in the 1980s. Journal of Communication, 35, 157-173.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1998). The impact of candidate name order on election outcomes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 291-330.

Miller, M. L.(1999). Public argument and legislative debate in the rhetorical construction of pubic policy: The case of Florida midwifery legislation. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 85, 361-379.

Miroff, B. (1998). From "Midcentury" to Fin-de-Siecle: The exhaustion of the presidential image. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 1, 185-199.

Misciagno, P. A. (1996). Rethinking the mythic presidency. Political Communication, 13, 329-344.

Mitchell, T. L. (2000). Visions of a tragedy: Symbolic convergence in the print media coverage of the Murrah Building bombing in Oklahoma City. In C. De Landtsheer & O. Feldman (Eds.), Beyond speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media. (pp. 209-225). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Mixon, F. G. Jr., (2002). Does legislative television alter the relationship between voters and politicians? Rationality and Society, 14, 109-128.

Mondak, J. J. (1993). Source cues and policy approval: The cognitive dynamics of public support for Reagan agenda. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 186-212.

Montgomery, M. (2001). The uses of authenticity: "Speaking from experience" in a U. K. election broadcast. Communication Review. 4, 447-462.

Monroe, B. L., Representation and Electoral Systems Bibliographies, http://www.indiana.edu/~playpol/REShome.html

Moore, D. W. (1987). Political campaigns and the knowledge-gap hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 186-200.

Moore, M. P. (2006). To execute capital punishment: The mortification and scapegoating of Illinois governor George Ryan. Western Journal of Communication , 70, 311-330.

Morgan, M., Leggett, S., & Shanahan, J. (1999). Television and family values: Was Dan Quayle right? Mass Communication and Society, 2, 47-63.

Moriarty, S. E., & Garramone, G. M. (1986). A study of newsmagazine photographs of the 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 728-734.

Moriarty, S. E., & Popovich, M. N. (1991). Newsmagazine visuals and the 1988 presidential election. Journalism Quarterly, 68. 371-380.

Morrello, J. A. (2001). Selling the president, 1920: Albert, D. Lasker, advertising and the election of Warren G. Harding. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Murray, J. W. (1998). Constricting the ordinary: The dialectical development of Nazi ideology. Communication Quarterly, 46, 41-59.

Myers, F. (1999). Political argumentation and the composite audience: A case study. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 85, 55-71.

Negrine, R. & Papathanassopoulos, S.(1996). The "Americanization" of political communication. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 1, 45-62.

C. J. Nelson, C. J., Dulio, D. A., Medvick, S. K. (Eds.) (2002). Shades of gray: Perspectives on campaign ethics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Self-efficacy and call-in political television show use. Communication Research, 21, 366-379.

Newman, B. I. (1994). The marketing of the president: Political marketing as campaign strategy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Nickerson, D. W. (2005). Partisan mobilization using volunteer phone books and door hangers. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 601, 10-

Nicodemus, D. M. (2004). Mobilizing information: Local news and the formation of a viable political community. Political Communication, 21,161-176.

Nimmo, D. (1981). Ethical issues in political communication. Communication, 6, 193-212.Nimmo, D., & Combs, J. E. (1992). The political pundits. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Nimmo, D., & Newsome, C. (1997). Political commentators in the United States in the 20^th Century: A bio-critical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Nimmo, D. & Swanson, D. L. (1990). The field of political communication: Beyond the voter persuasion paradigm. In D. L. Swanson & d. Nimmo (Eds.), New directions in political communication (pp. 7-47). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Norrander, B., Presidential Nominations Bibliography, http://www.u.arizona.edu/~norrande/PPLIST-3

O'shaughnessy, N. & Henneberg, S. C. M. (Eds.) (2002). The idea of political marketing. Westport, CT: :Praeger.

Ottati, V. C., Steenbergen, M. R., Riggle, E (1992). The cognitive and affective components of political attitudes: Measuring the determinants of candidate evaluations. Political Behavior, 14, 423-442.

Palmerton, P. R. (1988). The rhetoric of terrorism and media response to the "crisis in Iran." Western Journal of Speech Communication, 52, 105-121.

Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1997). Talk show exposure as an opinion activity. Political Communication, 14, 371-388.

Parmelle, J. (2002). Presidential primary videocassettes: How candidates in the 2000 U.S. presidential primary elections framed their early campaigns. Political Communication, 19, 317-331.

Parry-Giles, S. J., & Parry-Giles, T. (1999). Meta-imaging, The War Room, and the hyperreality of U.S. Politics. Journal of Communication, 49, 28-45.

Parry-Giles, T. & Parry-Giles, S. J. (2005). An optimistic reassessment of political communication in the United States. In M. S. McKinney,L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 41-57). New York: Peter Lang.

Parry-Giles, T., & Parry-Giles, S. J. (2002). The West Wing's prime-time presidentality: Mimesis and catharsis in a postmodern romance. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 88, 209-227.

Parry-Giles, T., & Parry-Giles, S. J. (2001). Embracing the mess: Reflections on campaign 2000. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4, 717-774.

Parry-Giles, T., & Parry-Giles, S. J. (1996). Political scopohilia, presidential campaigning and the intimacy of American politics. Communication Studies, 47, 191-205.

Patterson, K. D., & Shea, D. M. (2004). Local political context and negative campaigns: A test of negative effects across state party systems. Journal of Political Marketing, 3, 1-20.

Patterson, T. E. (2004). Where did all the voters go? Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 84, 11-14.

Patterson, T. E. (2002). The vanishing voter: Public involvement in an age of uncertainty.New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Payne, J. G., Hanlon, J. P., & Twomey III, D. P. (2007). Celebrity, spectacle influence on young Voters in the 2004 presidential campaign: What to expect in 2008. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1239-1246.

Payne, J. G., & Mercuir, K. (1993). Private lives, public officials: The challenge to mainstream media. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 291-301.

Payne, J. G., & Ratzan, S. (1993, May). Larry King and talk show politics '92: Outreach programs over the heads of handlers to the public. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, D. C.

Permutter, D. D., & Wu, H. D. (1999). The American political consultant: A profile. In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 327-332). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Perry-Giles, T., & Parry-Giles, S. J. (2001). Reassessing the state of political communication in the United States. Argumentation and Advocacy, 37, 158-170.

Persinos, J. F. (1994, August). Gotcha! Why opposition research is becoming more important and how it is changing campaigns. Campaigns & Elections, 15, 20-23, 56, 58.

Peters, J. D. (2001). "The only proper scale of representation": The politics of statistics and stories. Political Communication, 18, 433-449.

Peterson, G. D. (2004). Can a voter in New York make a candidate lose in California: An experimental test of the release of early election results on voter turnout. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 73-100). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Peterson, T. R., Ed., (2004). Green talk in the White House: The rhetorical presidency encounters ecology, College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Petrocik, J. R. (1996). Issue ownership in presidential elections, with a 1980 case study. American Journal of Political, Science 40, 825–50.

Petrocik, J. R., Benoit, W. L, & Glenn J. Hansen, G. J. (2003). “Issue ownership and presidential campaigning, 1952–2000. Political Science Quarterly 118, 599-626.

Pfau, M., Moy, P., & Szabo, E. A. (2001). Influence in prime-time television programming on perceptions of the Federal Government. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 437-453.

Pfau, M., Kendall, K. E., Reichert, T., Hellweg, S. A., Lee, W., Tusing, K. J., & Prosise, T. O. (1997). Influence of communication during the distant phase of the 1996 Republican presidential primary campaign. Journal of Communication, 47, 6-26.

Pfau, M., & Eveland, W. P. (1996). Influence of traditional and non-traditional news media in the 1992 election campaign. Western Journal of Communication, 60, 214-232. [talk shows]

Pfau, M., Houston, B., & Shane M. Semmler, S. M. (2005). Presidential election campaigns and American democracy: The relationship between communication use and normative outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 48-62.

Pfau, M., & Van Winkle, K. (1993, May). The role and impact of communication modalities on voters' perceptions of political candidates during presidential primary election campaigns. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, D. C.

Plasser, F. (2001). Parties' diminishing relevance for campaign professionals. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 44-59.

Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (1998). Media and participation: Breaking the spiral of disaffection. In T. J. Johnson, C. E. Hays, & S. P. Hayes (Eds.), Engaging the public (pp. 75-860. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., & Fortman, K. K. J. (1998). Relationship of media use and political disaffections to political efficacy and voting behavior. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34-49.

Plasser, F. (2000). American campaign techniques worldwide. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 33-54.

Plesants, J. M., & Burns, A. M. (1992). Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 senate race in North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press.

Polcar, L., & Jacobs, S. (1998). Evasive answers: Reframing multiple argumentative demands in political interviews. In J. F. Klumpp (Ed.), Argument in a time of change: Definitions, frameworks, and critiques (pp. 226-231). Annandale, VA: National Communication Association.

Ponder, D. E. (2005). Presidential leverage and the presidential agenda: 1967-1996. In L. C. Han and D. J. Heith (Eds.) In the public domain: Presidents and the challenges of public leadership (pp. 89-112). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Prosise, T. O., & Smith, C. R. (2001). The supreme court's ruling in Bush v. Gore: A rhetoric of inconsistency.Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4, 605-632.

Preston, C. T. (1991). Applying quasipolicy debate theory to argumentation in political campaigns. The Forensic of Pi Kappa Delta, 76, 10-20.

Rapoport, R. B., & Stone, W. J. (2008). Three's a crowd: The dynamic of third parties, Ross Perot, and republican resurgence. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Ratzan, S. C. (1993). Political communication as negotiation: Breathing new life into government. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 200-210. [on 92 campaign]

Rehg, W. (2002). The argumentation theorist in deliberative democracy. Controversia: An International Journal of Debate and Democratic Renewal, 1, 18-42.Reich, K. (1989, March/April). The 64-million dollar question: Initiatives are the hottest growth industry - with no end in sight. Campaigns & Elections, 9, 15-18, 21

Rein, Rein, I. (2000). The Transformation of a Candidate: Richard M. Daley. American Communication Journal, 2, http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol2/Iss1/articles/rein.html

Richey, S. (2009). Hierarchy in political discussion. Political Communication, 26, 137-152.

Riegert, K. (2007). The ideology of the West Wing: The television show that wants to be real. In Riegert, K (Ed.) Politicotainment: Television’s take on the real (pp. 213-236). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishers.

Rice, L. R. (2010). Statements of power: Presidential use of Statements of Administration policy and signing statements in the legislative process. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40, 686- 707.

Rich, A., & Weaver, R. K. (2000). Think tanks in the U.S. media. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 81-103.

Ridout, T. N., & Holland, J. L. (2010). Candidate Strategies in the Presidential Nomination Campaign. Presidential Studies Quarterly 40, 611–630.