Aberbach, J., & Walker, J (1970). The meaning of Black Power: A comparison of white and black interpretations of a symbol. American Political Science Review, 64, 367-388.

Abrajano, M., & Burnett, C. M. (2012). Polls and elections: Do blacks and whites See Obama through race-tinted glasses? A comparison of Obama's and Clinton's approval ratings. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42, 363–375.

Alvarez, R. M., & Bedolla, L. G. (2003). The foundations of latino voter partisanship: Evidence from the 2000 election. Journal of Politics, 65, 31–49.

Allen, R., & Chaffee, S. H. (1979). Mass communication and the political participation of black Americans. In Communication Yearbook: 1979. (pp. 507-522). Sage.

Armstrong, S. A. (1995). Arlen Specter and the construction of adversarial discourse: Selective representations in the Clarence Thomas--Anita Hill Hearings. Argumentation and Advocacy, 32, 75-89.

Arthos, J. (2001). The Shaman-Trickster's art of misdirection: The rhetoric of Farrakhan and the Million Men. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 87, 41-60.

Aune, J. A., & Rigsby, E. D. (2005). Civil Rights rhetoric and the American presidency. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Avery, J. M. (2006). The sources and consequences of political mistrust among African Americans. American Politics Research, 34, 653 - 682.

Baker, T. A., Steed, R. P., & Moreland, L. W. (1991). Preachers and politics: Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and the 1988 presidential nomination campaign in South Carolina. In J. L. Guth & J. C. Green (Eds.), The Bible and the ballot box: Religion and politics in the 1988 election (pp. 94-112). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Barker, L. J., Jones, M. K., & Tate, K. (1998). African Americans and the American political system. Prentice Hall.

Barker, L. J., & Walters, R. W. (Eds.) (1989). Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign: Challenges and change in American politics. Chicago: Illinois University Press.

Barker, L. (1988). Our time has come: A delegate's diary of Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Barker, L. J., Walters, R. W. (1989). Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign: Challenge and change in American politics. Champaign, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press.

Blair, D. M. (2005). "We Go Ahead Together or We Go Down Together": The civil rights rhetoric of Eleanor Roosevelt. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 62-82) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Bobbitt, D. A. (2004). The rhetoric of redemption: Kenneth Burke's redemption drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 'I have a Dream Speech. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bobo, L. (1997). Race, public opinion, and the social sphere. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 1-15.

Bostdorff, D. M., & Goldzwig, S. R. (2005). History, collective memory, and the appropriation of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Reagan's rhetorical legacy. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, 661-690.

Brazile. D. L. (1999). The African American vote. In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 261-267). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Butler, J. (1995). Carol Moseley-Braun’s day to talk about race: A study of forum in the United State Senate. Argumentation and Advocacy, 32, 62-74.

Candiotti, S. (2000). The Elian photo op: Where TV news met street-corner politics. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 118-122.

Carcasson, M., & Aune, J. A. (2003). Klansman on the court: Justice Hugo Black's 1937 radio address to the nation. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89, 154-170.

Carcasson, M., & Rice, M. (2005). The promise and failure of president Clinton's race initiative of 1997-1998: A rhetorical perspective. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 301-338) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Carlson, J. M. (1984). The impact of ethnicity on candidate image. Polity , 16, 667-672.

Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Carter, D. T. (1996). From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the conservative counterrevolution, 1963-1994. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press.

Chaffee, S. H., Nass, C. I., & Yang, S. (1990). The bridging role of television on immigrant political socialization. Human Communication Research, 17, 266-288.

Citrin, J., Reingold, B., & Green, D. P. (1990). American identity and the politics of ethnic change. Journal of Politics, 52, 1124-1154.

Clark, E. C. (2005). JFK and civil rights: Sooner or later. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 114-133) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Clayton, D. M. (2000). African Americans and the politics of congressional redistricting. Garland Publishing.

Cohen, C. J. (2003). A portrait of continuing marginality: The study of women of color in American politics. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 190-213). New York: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, C. J. (1999). The boundaries of blackness: AIDS and the breakdown of black politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Connaughton, S. L., & Jarvis, S. E. (2004). Apolitical politics: GOP efforts to foster identification from Latinos, 1984-2000. Communication Studies, 55, 464-480.

Connaughton, S. L. & Jarvis, S. E. (2004). Invitations for partisan identification: Attempts to court Latino voters through televised Latino-oriented political advertisements, 1984-2000. Journal of Communication, 54, 38-54.

Coover, G. E., & Godbold, L. C. (1998). Convergence between racial and political identities: Boundary erasure or aversive racism? Communication Research, 25, 669-688.

Craemer, T. (2008) Nonconscious feelings of closeness toward African Americans and support for pro-black policies. Political Psychology 29, 407–436.

Crenshaw, C. (2001). (E)rasing identity and the limits of traditional argumentation theory. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate: The Journal of the the Cross Examination Debate Association, 22, 71-79.

Crenshaw, C. (1997). Resisting whiteness' rhetorical silence. Western Journal of Communication, 63, 253-278.

Curry, B. W., Pacelle, R. L., & Marshall, B. W. (2008). "An informal and limited alliance": The president and the Supreme Court. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 38, 223–247.

Dawson, M. (1994). A black counterpublics: Economic earthquakes, racial agenda(s), and black politics. Public Culture, 7, 195-224.

de la Graza, R. O. , & DeSipio, L (1996). Ethnic ironies: Latino politics in the 1992 elections. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

de la Graza, R. O. , & DeSipio, L (1992). From rhetoric to reality: Latino politics and the 1988 elections. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

de la Graza, R. O., DeSipio, L,, Garcia, F. C., Garcia, J., & Falcon, A. (1992). Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban perspectives on American politics. Boulder, CO: Westview.

DeSipio, L. (1996). Counting the Latinos vote: Latinos as a new electorate. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

DeSipio, L., & Henson, J. R. (1997). Cuban Americans, Latinos, and the print media: Shaping ethnic identities. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2, No. 3, 52-70.

DiMaio, L. D. (1985). PACs on the warpath: How independent efforts re-elected Jesse Helms. Campaigns and Elections, , 5-11.

Dilliplane, S. (2012). Race, rhetoric, and running for president: Unpacking the significance of Barack obama’s “A More Perfect Union” speech. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 15, 127-152.

Doherty, B. J., & Anderson, M. C. (2004). Message tailoring in spanish: Courting latino voters in the 2000 presidential advertising campaign. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 121-147). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Domke, D. (2000). Strategic elites, the press, and race relations. Journal of Communication, 50, 115- 144.

Domke, D. (1997). Journalists, framing, and discourse about race relations. Journalism & Communication Monographs,164, 1-56.

Domke, D., Lagos, T., LaPoint, M. M., & Xenos, M. (2000). Elite messages and source cues: Moving beyond partisanship. Political Communication, 17, 395-402.

Domke, D., & McCoy, K. (1999). News Media, Racial Perceptions, and Political Cognition. Communication Research, 26, 570-608.

Edwards, J. L. (1998). The very model of a modern major (media) candidate: Colon Powell and the rhetoric of public opinion. Communication Quarterly, 46, 163-176.

Einseidel, E. F., Bibbee, M. J. (1979). The newsmagazines and minority candidates--Campaign '76. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 102-105.

Entman,R. (1992). Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism, and cultural change. Journalism Quarterly 69, 341-361.

Faw, B., & Skelton, N. (1986). Thunder in America: The improbable presidential campaign of Jesse Jackson. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Ford, P. K., Maxwell, A., & Shields, T. (2010 What's the matter with Arkansas? Symbolic racism and 2008 Presidential candidate support. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40, 286-302.

Frank, D. A., & McPhail, M. L. (2005). Barack Obama's address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention: Trauma, compromise, consilience, and the (im)possibility of racial reconciliation. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 8, 571-594.

Gay, C., & Tate, K. (1998). Doubly bound: The impact of gender and race on the politics of black women." Political Psychology, 19, 169–84.

Gershon, S. A. (2008). Communicating female and minority interests online: A study of web site issue discussion among female, Latino, and African American Members of Congress. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13, 120-140.

Gibbons, A. (1993). Race, politics and the white media: The Jesse Jackson campaigns. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America.

Gilliam, F. D., Jr. (1996). Exploring Minority Empowerment: Symbolic Politics, Governing Coalitions and Traces of Political Style in Los Angeles. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 56-8.

Goldzwig, S. R. (2005). Inaugurating the second reconstruction: President Truman's committee on civil rights. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 83-113) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Goldzwig, S. R. (1998). Civil rights and the cold war: A rhetorical history of the Truman administration's segregation of the United States Army. In K. Turner (Ed.), Doing rhetorical history: Concepts and cases (pp. 143-69). Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama Press.

Goldzwig, S. R., & Dionisopoulos, G. N. (1989). John F. Kennedy's civil rights discourse: The evolution from "principled bystander" to public advocate. Communication Monographs, 56, 179-198.

Goodnight, G. T. (1999). Messrs. Dinkins, Rangel, and Savage in colloquy on the African Burial Ground: A companion reading. Western Journal of Communication, 63, 511-525.

Gordon, A. D. (1997). African American women and the vote, 1837-1965. Univ. of Massachusetts Press.

Gordon, D. B., & Crenshaw, C.(2004). Racial Apologies. In P. A. Sullivan, & S. R. Goldzwig (Eds.), New approaches to rhetoric (pp. 245-266). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Green D. P. (2003). Mobilizing African-American voters using direct mail and commercial phone banks: A field experiment. Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale. http://www.yale.edu/isps/publications/voter.html

Gutierrez, A. (1999). The Hispanic vote.In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 273-280). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Hasian, M., Jr. (2005). Calvin Coolidge and the rhetoric of "race" in the 1920s. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 41-61) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Haskins, W. A. (1981). Rhetorical vision of equality: Analysis of the rhetoric of the Southern Black Press during reconstruction. Communication Quarterly, 29, 116-122.

Hatch, J. B. (2006). Beyond apologia: Racial reconciliation and apolgies for slavery. Western Journal of Communication , 70 , 186-211.

Hero, R. E. (1992). Latinos and the U. S. political system. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Herrnson, P. S., & Stokes, A. K. (2002). "Minority Views" on campaign reform and ethics. Campaign and Elections, 23, 47, 50-51.

Hertzke, A. D. (1990). The role of churches in political mobilization: A look at the presidential campaigns of Jesse Jackson and Pat Robertson. In A. T. Cigler, & A. L. Burdett (eds.), Interest group politics (pp. 177-8). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.

Hogan, J. M. (1984). Wallace and the Wallacites: A reexamination. Southern States Speech Journal, 50, 24-48.

Hollihan, T. A. (2006). Si, Se Puede! An engaged look at the Villaraigosa Mayoral campaign. In P. Riley (Ed.) Engaging Argument (pp. 380-333-341) . Washington, DC: National Communication Association.

How Did Latinos Really Vote in 2004? National Council of La Raza, November 16, 2004 (revised 1/15/05); www.nclr.org/files/28218_file_NCLR_HOW_ DID_LATINOS_REALLY_VOTE_IN_2004_revised_final_1_05.pdf

Jack, J. & Massagee, L. (2011) Ladies and lynching: Southern women, Civil Rights, and the rhetoric of interracial cooperation. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 493–510

Jackson-Turner, L., & Allen, C. W. (1997). Mexican and Latino media behavior in Los Angles. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 884-901.

Jacobs, R. N. (2001). Race, media, and the crisis of civil society: From Watts to Rodney King. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Jasperson, A. E., & Hyuun, J. Y. (2007). Political advertising effects and American's racially diverse newest voting generation. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1112-1123.

Jensen, R. J., & Hammerback, J. C. (2005). Calling Washington collect: Robert Parris Moses and the Kennedy administration. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 134-154) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Kenski, K. & Tisinger, R. (2006). Hispanic voters in the 2000 and 2004 presidential general elections Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36, 189-202.

Kern, M. (1993). The advertising-driven "new" mass media election and the rhetoric issues: The 1990 Gantt-Helms senate race. In R. J. Spitzer (Ed.) Media and public policy (pp. 133-150). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kimball, P. (1991). "Keep Hope Alive!: Super Tuesday and Jesse Jackson's 1988 campaign for the presidency. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America.

Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: the case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73-103.

Krebs, T. B., & Holian, D. B. (2007). Competitive positioning, deracialization, and attack speech: A study of negative campaigning in the 2001 Los Angeles mayoral election. American Politics Research, 35, 123-149.

Krupnikov, Y., & Piston, S. (2015) Accentuating the negative: candidate race and campaign strategy. Political Communication, 32, 152-173. (Experiment using Pol Ads).

Lawson, S. F. (1999). Black ballots: Voting rights in the South, 1944-1969. Lexington Books.

Leal, D. L., Martinez-Ebers, V., & Meier, K. J. (2004). The politics of latino education: The biases of at-large elections. Journal of Politics, 66, 1224-1244.

Lee, R., & Morin, A. (2009). Using the 2008 presidential election to think about “Playing the Race Card”. Communication Studies, 60, 376-391.

Link, M. W., & Oldendick, R. W. (1996). Social construction and White attitudes toward equal opportunity and multiculturalism. Journal of Politics, 58, 149-168.

Logue, Cal M (1977). The rhetorical appeals of whites to blacks during reconstruction. Communication Monographs, 44, 241-251.

Lusane, C. (1994). African Americans at the crossroads: The restructuring of black leadership and the 1992 elections. South End Press.

Makay, J. J. (1970). The rhetorical strategies of Governor George Wallace in the 1964 Maryland primary. Southern Speech Journal, 36, 164-175.

Martin, M. (1999). The almanac of women and minorities in American politics. Westview Press.

Martinez, B. A., Jr. (?) Culture frames of the 2004 presidential campaign: Public relations strategies ofr moblizing Florids's latinos. Dissertation.

Mathis, D. (2001). How the media missed or misread the Black vote in 2000. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 89-95.

Mayer, J. D. (2002). Running on race: Racial politics in presidential campaigns, 1960-2000. New York: Random House.

McClain, R. D., & Stewart, J. (1993). Racial and ethnic minorities in American politics. Boulder, CO: Westview.

McIlwain, C. D. (2007). Race, pigskin, and politics: A semiotic analysis of racial images in political advertising. Semiotica, 167 , 169-191.

McIlwain, C. D. & Caliendo, S. M. (forthcoming). Race appeal: The prevalence, purposes, and political implications of racial discourse in U.S. electoral politics. Temple University Press.

McIlwain, C. D. & Caliendo, S. M. (2009). Black messages, White messages: The differential use of racial appeals by Black & White candidates. Journal of Black Studies, 39, 732 - 743.

McIlwain, C. D. & Caliendo, S. M. (2009). Permissible discrimination: The view from Congress. In Tamara L. Roleff (Ed.), Issues that Concern You: English Language Learners. Chesterfield, MI: Greenhaven Press.

McIlwain, C. D. (2007). Race, pigskin, and politics: A semiotic analysis of racial images in political advertising. Semiotica, 167, 169-192.

McIlwain, C. D. (2007). Perceptions of leadership & the challenge of Obama's Blackness. Journal of Black Studies, 38,64-74.

McIlwain, C. D. (2007). Racial identity, ideology and the youth vote: Observations from the 2004 presidential campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 50: 1231-1238.

Caliendo, S. M. & McIlwain, C. D. (2005). Race and Political Advertising. In Samuel J. Best and Benjamin Radcliff (Eds.) Polling America: An Encyclopedia of Public Opinion. Westport, CT: Praeger. 641-646.

McPhail, M. L. (1998). Passionate intensity: Louis Farrakhan and the fallacies of racial reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84, 416-429.

Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Mendelberg, T. (1997). Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1998 presidential campaign. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 134-157.

Merolla, J. L.,  Sellers, A. H., &  Fowler, D. J. (2012). Descriptive representation, political efficacy, and African Americans in the 2008 presidential election. Political Psychology. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00935.x/abstract

Merritt, B. D. (1986). Jesse Jackson and television: Black image presentation and affect in the 1984 Democratic campaign debates. Journal of Black Studies, 16, 347-367.

Miller, A. H. (1994). Social groups as symbols in America’s sense of democratic consensus. In A. H. Miller and B. E. Gronbeck (Eds.), Presidential campaigns & American self images (190-213). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Morris, J. D., Roberts, M. S., & Baker, G. F. (1999). Emotional responses of African American voters to ad messages. In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 257-274), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Murphy, J. M. (1997). Inventing authority: Bill Clinton, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the orchestration of rhetorical traditions. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 83, 71-89.

Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81, 291-309.

Ono, K. A., & Buescher, D. T. (2001). Deciphering Pocahontas: Unpackaging the commodification of a Native American woman. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18, 23-43.

Parent, W. (1999). Race issues and political campaigns in the South. In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 268-272). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Parisi, P. (1998). The New York Times looks at one block in Harlem: Narratives of race in journalism. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 236-254.

Parry-Giles, T. (2005). Celebritized justice, civil rights, and the Clarence Thomas nominiation. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 268-300) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Pauley, G. E. (2005). The genesis of a rhetorical commitment: Lyndon B. Johnson, civil rights, and the Vice Presidency. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 155-197) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Pauley, G. E. (2001). The modern presidency and civil rights: Rhetoric on race from Roosevelt to Nixon. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Pauley, G. E. (1999). Documentary desegregation: A rhetorical analysis of Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment. Southern Communication Journal, 64, 123-142.

Pauley, G. E. (1998). Rhetoric and timeliness: An analysis of Lyndon B. Johnson's voting rights address. Western Journal of Communication, 62, 62-87.

Pauley, G. E. (1997). Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Right Act of 1964. Southern Communication Journal, 63, 1-19.

Pauley, J. L., II (1998). Reshaping public persona and the prophetic Ethos: Louis Farrakhan at the Million Man March. Western Journal of Communication, 62, 512-536.

Peer, L., & Ettema, J. S. (1998). The Mayor's race: Campaign coverage and the discourse of race in America's three largest cities. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 255-278.

Peffley, M., Shields, T., & Williams, B. (1996). The intersection of race and crime in television news stories: An experimental study. Political Communication, 13, 309-327.

Persons, G. A. (1993). Dilemmas of black politics: Issues of leadership and strategy. New York: HarperCollins.

Peterson, P. E. (Ed.) (1996). Classifying by race. Princeton University Press.

Petrow, G. A. (2010). The minimal cue hypothesis: How black candidates cue race to increase white voting participation, Political Psychology, 31, 915–950.

Phillips, K. R. (1999). A rhetoric of controversy. Western Journal of Communication, 63, 488-510.

Philpot, T. S., & Walton, H., Jr. (2007). One of our own: Black female candidates and the voters who support them. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 49-62.

Philpot, T. S., & Walton, H., Jr. (2007). One of our own: Black female candidates and the voters who support them. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 49-62.

Piliawshy, M. (1989). Racial politics in the 1988 presidential election. The Black scholar, 20, 30-38.

Pride, R. A. (1999). Redefining the problem of racial inequality. Political Communication, 16, 147-167.

Reed, A. (1999). Stirrings in the jug: Black politics in the post-segregation era. University of Minnesota Press.

Reed, A. H. (1986). The Jesse Jackson phenomenon: The crisis of purpose in Afro-American politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Rhodes, J. (1999). Fanning the flames of racial discord: The national press and the Black Panther Party. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4, 95-118.

Rich, W. C. (Ed.) (1996). The politics of minority coalitions: Race, ethnicity, and shared uncertainties. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Rich, W. C. (Ed.) (1994). Black politics and black political behavior: A linkage analysis. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Riffe, D., Sneed, D., & Van Ommeren, R. (1990). Black elected office holders find white press coverage insensitive, incomplete, and inappropriate. The Howard Journal of Communication, 2, 397-406.

Romer, D., Jamieson, K. H., & de Coteau, N. (1998). The treatment of persons of color in local television news: Ethnic blame discourse or realistic group conflict? Communication Research, 25, 286-305.

Rose, D. (Ed). (1992). The emergence of David Duke and the politics of race. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press.

Rueter, T. (1995). The politics of race: African Americans and the political system. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

Sanchez, J. & Stuckey, M. E. (2000) .The Rhetoric of American Indian Activism in the 1960s and 1970s. Communication Quarterly, 48, 120-136.

Sanchez, J. & Stuckey, M. E. (1999).Communicating culture through leadership: One view from Indian country. Communication Studies, 50, 103- 115.

Sanchez, J. & Stuckey, M. E. (1999). Rhetorical Exclusion: The Government's Case Against American Indian Activists, AIM, and Leonard. Peltier. American Indian Culture & Research Journal, 23, 27- 52.

Sapior, V., & Soss, J. (1999). Spectacular politics, dramatic interpretations: Multiple meanings in the Thomas/Hill hearings. Political Communication, 16, 285-314.

Sears, D. O., van Laar, C., Carrillo, M., & Kosterman, R. (1997). Is it really racism? The origins of White Americans' opposition to race-targeted policies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 16-53.

Segura, G. M. & Valenzuela, A. A. (2010). Hope, tropes, and dopes: Hispanic and white racial animus in the 2008 election. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40, 497-514.

Sigelman, C. K., Sigelman, L., Walkosz, B. J., & Nitz, M. (1995). Black candidates, White voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 243-265.

Smith, C.R. (2005). Reagan on civil rights: Returning to strict construction of the constitution. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 198-230) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Smooth, W. (2006). African American women and electoral politics: Journeying from the shadows to the spotlight. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 117-142). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sniderman, P. M., & Carminesa, E. G. (1997). Reaching beyond race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Stewart, C. J. (1997). The evolution of a revolution: Stokely Carmichael and the rhetoric of black power. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 83, 429-446.

Strickland, R. A., & Whicker, M. L. (1992). Comparing the Wilder and Gantt campaigns: A model for black candidates success in statewide elections. PS: Political Science and Politics, 25, 204-211.

Stephen Steinberg (2001). Race Relations: the Problem with the Wrong Name. New Politics, 8, .

Streb, M. J. (2002). The new electoral politics of race. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press.

Squires, C. R. (2000). Black talk radio: Defining community needs and identity. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 73-95.

Squires, C. R., & Jackson, S. J. (2010). Reducing race: news themes in the 2008 primaries. International Journal of Press/Politics, 15. 375 –400.

Suarez-Orozco, M. M. (1996). California dreaming: Proposition 187 and the cultural psychology of racial and ethnic exclusion. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 27, 151-167.

Tate, K. (1993). From protest to politics: The New Black voters in American elections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press & Russell Sage Foundation.

Tate, K. (1991). Black political participation in the 1983-1988 presidential elections. American political science review, 85, 1159-1177.

Tolbert, C. J., & Hero, R. E. (1996). Race/ethnicity and direct democracy: An analysis of California's illegal immigration initiative. Journal of Politics, 58, 806-818.

Terrill, R. E. (2001). Protest, prophecy, and prudence in the rhetoric of Malcolm X. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 4, 25-53.

Vail, M. (2006). The "integrative" rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 9, 51-78.

Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & White, I. I. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96, 75-90.

Vigil, M. E. (1996). Hispanics in congress: A historical and political Survey. University Press of America.

Watkins, S. C. (2001). Framing protest: News media frames of the Million Man March. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18, 83-101.

Wicks, R. H., Scheide, R. M., & Smith, S. A. (1999). The construction of political meaning by Native Americans in the 1996 election: The case of the Cherokees and Keetoowahs. In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 275-292), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Wilcox, C. (1991). Religion and electoral politics among black Americans in 1988. In J. L. Guth & J. C. Green (Eds.), The Bible and the ballot box: Religion and politics in the 1988 election (pp. 159-187). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Wilson, K. H. (2005). The politics of place and presidential rhetoric in the United States, 1875-1901. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 16-40) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Wilson, K. H. (2003). The racial politics of imitation in the Nineteenth Century. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89, 89-108.

Wilson, P. (1996). The rhythm of rhetoric: Jesse Jackson at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Southern Communication Journal, 61, 253-274.

Winston, R., & Reid, T. (1989). Basic Black Politics. Campaigns and Elections, 9, 35-38.

Whitby, K. J. (1998). The color of representation: Congressional behavior and black interests. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Zarefsky, D. (2005). George Bush and the transformationof civilrights discourse, 1965-1990. In J. A. Aune and E. D. Rigsby (Eds.) Civil rights rhetoric and the American presidency (pp. 231-267) . College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Zarefsky, D. (1983). Civil rights; civil conflict: Presidential communication crisis. Central States Speech Journal, 34, 59-66.

Zeldes, G. A., & Fico, F., (2005). Race and gender: An analysis of sources and reporters in the networks' coverage of the 2000 presidential campaign. Mass Communication & Society, 8, 373-385.

Zibler, J., & Niven, D. (2000). Radicalized coverage of congress: The news in black and white. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Zilber, J., & Niven, D. (2000). Stereotypes in the news: Media coverage of African-Americans in congress. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 32-49.