POLITICAL SPOT ADVERTISING
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan Louden, Wake Forest University (louden@wfu.edu
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Political Advertising Web Resources

Lyndon Johnson's Daisy Ad

Although this political ad for Lyndon Johnson aired only once, it remains one of the most famous political ads to date.

Bowen, L., Stamm, K., & Clark, F. (2000). Television reliance and political malaise: A contingency analysis. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44, 1-15.

Bowers, T. A. (1973). Newspaper political advertising and the agenda-setting function. Journalism Quarterly, 50. 552-556.

Bowers, T. A. (1972). Issue and personality information in newspaper political advertising. Journalism Quarterly, 49, 446-452.

Bowers, T. A. (1975). The coverage of political advertising by the prestige press in 1972. Mass Communication Review, 2, 19-24.

Bowers, T. A. (1977). Candidate advertising: The agenda is the message. In D. L. Shaw & M. E. McCombs (Eds.). The emergence of American political issue. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.

Boyd, J. M. (1978). An experimental analysis of source credibility and message discrepancy under differential levels of ego-involvement in political television commercials (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 5774A.

Boynton, G. R. (1996). The art of campaign advertising. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House [Compact Disk].

Boyle T. P., (2001). Intermedia agenda setting in the 1996 presidential election. Journalism and Mass Communicatoin Quarterly, 78, 26-44.

Boyle, T. P. (1999). Modern mythmaking: political advertisements in two statewide races. New Jersey Journal of Communication, 7, 93-105.

Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 388-405.

Brader, T., & Corrigan, B. (2006, Philadelphia ). How the emotional tenor of ad campaigns affects political participation. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Bradley, S. D.; Angelini, J. R., &  Lee. S. (2007). Psychophysilogical and memory effects of negative political ads: Aversive, arousing and well remembered. Journal of Advertising, 36, 115-127.

Brazeal, L. M. (2002). A functional analysis of television advertising in congressional campaigns, 1980-2000. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Brazeal, L. M., & Benoit, W. L. (2006). On the spot: A functional analysis of congressional television spots, 1980-2004. Communication Studies , 57, 401-420.

Brians, C. L., & Wattenberg, M. P. (1996). Campaign issue knowledge and salience: Comparing reception from TV commercials, TV news, and Newspapers. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 172-193.

Britten, R. S. (1993). A content analysis of televised political advertising in the 1988 presidential campaign. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois.

Broder, D. S. (1989, February 13-9). Who should play cop for campaign ads? The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 6, 8-.

Brooks, D. J. (2000). When candidates attack: The effects of negative campaigning on voter turnout in senate elections. Dissertation. Yale University.

Brooks, D. J. (2006). The resilient voter: Moving toward closure in the debate over negative campaigning and turnout. Journal of Politics,68, : 684–696.

Brooks, D. J., & Geer, J. G. (2007). Beyond negativity: The effects of incivilityon the electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 1-16.

Brown, N. (1989, July 22). Senators divide on proposals to tame negative TV ads. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. 1890.

Brownstein, C. N. (1971). Communication strategies and the electoral decision making process. Experimental Study of Politics, ?, 37-0.

Bryan, K. M. (1987). Content analysis of televised political advertising in low involvement political races. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Texas at Austin.

Bryant, J. (1995). Paid media advertising. In J. A. Thurber & C. J. Nelson (Eds.), Campaigns and elections American style (pp. 84-100). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Bucy, E. and Newhagen, J. E. (1999). The micro- and macrodrama of politics on television: effects of media format on candidate evaluations. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 193-210.

Budesheim, T. L., Houston, D. A., & DePaola, S. J. (1996). Persuasiveness of in-group and out-group political messages: The case of negative political campaigning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 523-534.

Bullock, D. (1994). The influence of political attack advertising on undecided voters: An experimental study of message strategy. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Arizona.

Bush bashing, Perot smashing: Negative ads Clinton will positively love (1992, September). Campaigns & Elections, 13, 33-36.

Burdan, M., & Meyer, C. (1989, September). Flower power: Twenty-five years later, Tony Schwartz's milestone still upsets Barry Goldwater. Campaigns & Elections, 10, 36-37.

Burgoon, M., Pfau, M., & Birk, T. S. (1995). An inoculation theory explanation for the effects of corporate issue/advocacy advertising campaigns. Communication Research, 22, 485-505.

Burrow, C. H., Clyde, T. M., & Rothberg, M. D. (2004). Negative issue advertisements: A practical primer, .Communications Lawyer; 22, 7-9.

Buss, T. F., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1976). An analysis of the logic of televised campaign advertisements: The 1972 presidential campaign. Communication Research, 3, 367-92.

Bybee, C. R., McLeod, J. M., Luetcher, W. D., & Garramone, G. (1981). Mass communication and voter volatility. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 69-0.

Bystrom, D. (2006). Advertising, web sites, and media coverage: Gender and communication along the campaign trail. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 169-188). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bystrom, D. G. (1995). Candidate gender and the presentation of self: The videostyles of men and women in U. S. senate campaigns. Dissertation completed at the University of Oklahoma. (Reviewed in Political Communication, 13, 487-489, 1996).

Bystrom, D. G., & Kaid, L. L. (2002). Are women candidates transforming campaign communication? A comparison of advertising videostyles in the 1990s. In C. S. Rosenthal (Ed.), Women transforming Congress (pp. 146-169). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Bystrom, D. G., & Miller, J. L. (1999). Gendered communication styles and strategies in campaign 1996: The videostyles of women and men candidates. In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293-302), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Cable delivers electorate, says panel (1988). Broadcasting, 11, 76-7.

A "cheap" response: Labeled "big" spender', a campaign moves quickly (1986). [Leahy, VT] Campaigns and Elections, 7, 63.

Caliendo, S. M. & McIlwain, C. D. (2005). Race and Political Advertising. In Samuel J. Best and Benjamin Radcliff (Eds.) Polling America: An Encyclopedia of Public Opinion. Westport, CT: Praeger. 641-646.

Calvert, C. (1997). When first amendment principles collide: Negative political advertising & the demobilization of democratic self-governance. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 30, 1497-?.

Campaign Advertising: Hearings before the subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance (1991). House: Committee on Energy and Commerce. (Y 4.En 2/3:101-203).

Campaign Advertising Act: Report (to accompany H. R. 5756) (1990). House: Committee on Energy and Commerce. (Y 1.1/8:101-871).

Campaign Advertising Act: Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (1989). Senate: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (Y 1.1/5:101-225).

Campaign Advertising Act: Hearing before the subcommittee on Communications (1989). Senate: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (Y 4.C 73/7:S.hrg.101-227).

Campaign Advertising and Disclosure Act of 1991: Report together with additional views (1991). Senate: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (Y 1.1/5:102-59)

Candidates Slow to Bring Political Advertising Dollars to the Web (2004). Online Journalism Review, Annenberg. http://www.ojr.org/ojr/glaser/1075699362.php

Cannon, D. S. (1985). The power of televised political advertising: implications for its role in a non-presidential race. Dissertation at University of West Florida. Dissertation Abstracts.

Cappela, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1994). Broadcast adwatch effects: A field experiment. Communication Research, 21, 342-356.

Cappela, L., & Taylor, R. D. (1992). An analysis of the effectiveness of negative political campaigning. Business and Public Affairs, 18, 10-17.

Carlson, T. (2001). Gender and Political Advertising across Cultures: A Comparison of Male and Female Political Advertising in Finland and the US. European Journal of Communication,16, 131-154.

Carver, D. (2007). What we see on the TeeVee: The average American, godlike announcers, and neither fear nor loathing in the 1972 election. Rethinking History, 11, 203-214.

Case, C. C. (1991). No more Mr. nasty. Campaign Magazine, 4 , 1, 6-7.

Caywood, C. L., (1985). A constitutional jeopardy theory: Toward a novel theory of political advertising regulation under first amendment and commercial speech doctrines. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Caywood, C. L. (1989, Feb. 2). Political ads in jeopardy, Advertising Age, 20.

Caywood, C. L. & Christ, W. (1992, September). The Daisy Wheel Scale: A classification system designed to help you gauge the tone and content of media campaigns in your race. Campaign, 6, 301.

Caywood, C. L., & Laczniak, G. R. (1985).Unethical political advertising: Decision considerations for policy and evaluation. In M. J. Houston and R. J. Lutz (Eds), Marketing communication- theory and research,(pp. 37-41). Chicago:American Marketing Association.

Caywood, C. L., & Preston, I. (1989). The continuing debate on political advertising: Toward a jeopardy theory of political advertising as regulated free speech. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 8, 204-226.

Chaffee, S. H., Zhao, X., & Leshner, G. (1994). Political knowledge and the campaign media of 1992. Communication Research, 21, 305-324.

Chaffee, S. H., & Miyo, Y. (1983). Selective exposure and the reinforcement hypothesis: An intergenerational panel study of the 1980 presidential campaign. Communication Research, 10, 3-36.

Chang, C. (2003). Party bias in political advertising processing--results from and experiment involving the 1998 Taipei mayoral election. Journal of Advertising, 32, 55-67.

Chang, C. (2001). The impacts of emotion elicited by print political advertising on candidate evaluation. Media Psychology, 3,, 91-118. (Newspapers)

Chang, C. (2000). Political Advertising in Taiwan and the US: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the 1996 Presidential Election Campaigns, Asian Journal of Communication, 10, 1-17.

Chang, C. (1996). A test of gender schema theory in political advertising for candidates of different genders: Effects of individual differences and campaign strategy. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison).

Chang, C., & Hitchon, J. C. B. (2004). When does gender count: Further insights into gender schematic processing of female candidates' political advertising, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 51, 197-208.

Chang, W. H., Park, J., & Shim, S. W. (1998). Effectiveness of Negative Political Advertising. Web Journal of Mass Communication Research, 2 . http://www.scripps.ohiou.edu/wjmcr/vol02/2-1a.HTM

Chanslor, M. D. (1995). The effects of televised political advertisement on candidate image. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oklahoma).

Chappell, H. W., Jr. (1994). Campaign advertising and political ambiguity. Public Choice, 79, 281-303.

Chasteen, D. L. (1989). The effect of television advertising on the 1986 Harriett Woods U.S. Senate campaign. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Kansas, Dissertation Abstracts, DAI 51/04A.

Cheng, H., & Riffe, D. (2008). Attention, perception, and perceived effects: Negative political advertising in a battleground state of the 2004 presidential election. Mass Communication & Society, 11, 177-196.

Cho, J. (2011). The geography of political communication: Effects of regional variations in campaign advertising on citizen communication. Human Communication Research, 37, 434-462.

Cho, J. (2008). Political ads and citizen communication. Communication Research, 35. 423-451. (ads stimulate participation)

Christ, W. C., Thorson, E, & Caywood, C. (1994). Do attitudes toward political advertising affect information processing of televised political commercials? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 251-270.

Claibourn, M. P. (2012). Hearing campaign appeals: The accountability implications of presidential campaign tone. Political Communication, 29, 64-85.

Clean Campaign Act of 1993. Hearings before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (1993) (y4.C73/S.hrg. 103-345).

Clean Campaign Act of 1989: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Communications (1989). Senate: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (Y 4.C 73/7:S.hrg.101-310).

Clift, E. (1989). On the attack in Aruba: There is no vacation from American consultants and negative advertising. Campaigns & Elections, 10, 16-17.

Clift, E. (1991, May 6). 'Going for the gut': How ads play on race. Newsweek, 117, 24-5.

Clinger, J. H. (1987). The clean campaign act of 1985: A rational solution to negative campaign advertising which the one hundredth Congress should reconsider. Journal of Law & Politics, 3, 727-748.

Clinton, J. D., & Lapinski, J. S. (2004). "Targeted" advertising and voter turnout: An experimental study of the 2000 presidential election. Journal of Politics, 66, 69-96.

Clinton, J. D, & Lapinski, J. S. (2001) An Experimental Study of Political Advertising Effects in the 2000 Presidential Race. http://www.stanford.edu/%7Ejclinton/Clinton_Lapinski_APSA.pdf

Clinton, J. D., & Owen, A. (2000, June). An experimental investigation of advertising persuasiveness: Is impact in the eye of the beholder? Paper presented for the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, ON.

Coate, S. (2001). Political competition with campaign contributions and informative advertising. Working Paper 8693, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8693

Cohen, A. (1976). Radio vs. TV: The effect of the medium. Journal of Communication, 26, 29-35.

Cohen, J., & Davis, R. G. (1991). Third-person effects and the differential impact in negative political advertising. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 680-688.

Cohen, A. A., & Wolfsfeld, G. (1995). Overcoming adversity and diversity: The utility of television political advertising in Israel. In L. L. Kaid, C. Holtz-Bacha (Eds), Political advertising in Western democracies: Parties and candidates on television (pp. 109-123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Colopy, M. (1990). Media Spot [Comments on Martinez (FL) & Feinstein (CA)]. Campaign Industry News, 4, 18-9, 22-3.

Combs, J. E. (1979). Political advertising as a popular mythmaking form. Journal of American Culture, 2, 331-340.

Connaughton, S. L. & Jarvis, S. E. (2004). Invitations for partisan identification: Attempts to court Latino voters through televised Latino-oriented political advertisements, 1984-2000. Journal of Communication, 54, 38-54.

Connolly, C. (1992, Oct 31). Last-minute media blitz ranges from the nasty to the bizarre. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 50, 3504-3505.

Connolly-Ahern, C., & Kaid, L. L. (2002). Corporate advertising as political advertising: Patriotic messages in the aftermath of 9-11. Journal of Political Marketing, 1, 95-99.

Cook, C. E. (1990). What's positive about going negative. Campaign Magazine, 4, 1, 8.

Cooper, C. A., & Nownes, A. J. (2004). Money well spent? An experimental investigation of the effects of advertorials on citizen opinion. American Politics Research, 32, 546-569.

Cooper, C. A., & Knotts, H. G. (2004). Packaging the governor: Television advertising in the 2000 elections. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 101-120). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Copeland, G. A., & Johnson-Cartee, K. S. (1990). Southerner's acceptance of negative political advertising and political efficacy and activity levels. Southern Political Review, 53, 85-102.

Copeland, G. A. & Johnson-Cartee, K. S. (1990). A reexamination of candidate-sponsored negative political advertising effects. Unpublished manuscript (Univ. of Alabama).

Cornfield, M.  and Kaye, K. (2008). Online political advertising: The prehistoric era continues. (Online article: http://www.720strategies.com/site/page/online_political_advertising_the_prehistoric_era_continues)

Coulter, K. S. (2008). The tri-mediation model of persuasion: A case for negative political advertising? International Journal of Advertising, 27, 853-.

Coventry, L. R. (1996). Campaign strategy and the uses of televised political advertising in Michigan and Ontario. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Western Ontario).

Cragan, J. F., & Cutbirth, C. W. (1984). A revisionist perspective on political ad hominem argument: A case study. Central States Speech Journal, 35, 228-237.

Craig, S. C., Rippere, P. S., & Grayson, M. S. (2014). Attack and response in political campaigns: An experimental study in two parts. Political Communication. 31, 647-674.

Craig, S. C., & Kane, J. G. (2000). Winning and losing, sour grapes, and negative ads: The impact of election campaigns on political support. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Craig, S. C., Kane, J. G., & Gainous, J. (2005). Issue-related learning in a gubernatorial campaign: A panel study. Political Communication, 22, 483–503.

Crain, R. (1992). Get negative ads out of politics. Advertising Age, 20, 25.

Creamer, M. (2012). Super PACs as scourge of political advertising battles? Not necessarily: They certainly merit scrutiny, but in the case of the GOP primary battle, these well-funded organizations have made the race more democratic, Advertising Age, 83. 2,21.

Crenshaw, C. (2001). (E)rasing identity and the limits of traditional argumentation theory. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate: Journal of the Cross Examination Debate Association, 22, 71-79. [race in Alabama Sup Ct. Political advertising]

Crigler, A., Just, M. & Belt, T. (2002, Boston). The three faces of negative campaigning: The democratic implications of attack ads, cynical news, and fear arousing messages. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Cronkhite, G., Liska, J, & Schrader, D. (1991). Toward an integration of textual and response analysis applied to the 1988 presidential campaign. In F. Biocca (Ed.), Television and political advertising, Vol 2: Signs, codes, and images, (pp 163-184). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cundy, D. T., (1990). Image formation, the low involvement viewer, and televised political advertising. Political Communication and Persuasion, 7, 41-.

Cundy, D. T. (1986). Political commercials and candidate image. In L. L. Kaid, D. Nimmo, & K. R. Sanders (Eds.), New perspectives on political advertising (pp. 210-34). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., & Kaid, L. L. (2000). Role of advertising in forming the image of politicians: Comparative analysis of Poland, France, and Germany. Media Psychology, 2, 119-146.

Damore, D. F. (2004). Using campaign advertisements to assess campaign processes. Journal of Political Marketing, 3, 39-59.

Damore, D. F. (2002). Candidate strategy and the decision to go negative. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 669-685.

Dauncey, H. D. (1998). Modernizing French political communication: Picturing French culture in party and presidential spots of the 1990s. Political Communication, 15. [CD Rom].

Day, L. A. (1999). Political advertising and the first amendment. In D. D. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Manship School guide to political communication (pp. 67-76). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

DeChamplain, M. M. (1987). Restoring the myth of the presidency: A rhetorical study of televised campaign commercials in the 1976 presidential contest. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1987, Dissertation Abstracts International, 48: 04A

Denterlein, G. (1996). Elections cast red, white and blue glow on ad landscape. Boston Business Journal, 16, 28-29.

Dermody, J, & Schllion, R. (2004). Exploring the value of party political advertising for youth electoral engagement: An analysis of the 2001 British General Election advertising campaigns. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9, 361-379.

Dermody, J., & Scullion, R. (2003). Exploring the consequences of negative political advertising for liberal democracy. Journal of Political Marketing, 2, 77-100.

Dermody, J., & Scullion. R. (2000). Perceptions of negative political advertising: Meaningful or menacing? An empirical study of the 1997 British general Election campaign. International Journal of Advertising, 19, 201–223. [Poltitical Posters]

Descutner, D., Burnier, D., Mickunas, A., & Letteri, R. (1991). Bad signs and cryptic codes in a postmodern world: A semiotic analysis of the Dukakis advertising. In F. Biocca (Ed.), Television and political advertising, Vol 2: Signs, codes, and images, (pp 93-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Devlin, D. (1998, July). Using stock photos and film clips in TV ads can save money and time. Campaigns and Elections, 19, 23-24.

Devlin, L. P. (2005). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 2004. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 279-313.

Devlin, L. P. (2005). Advertising messages: Direct candidate to voter communication in the 2000 presidential primaries. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 147-162). New York: Peter Lang.

Devlin, L. P. (2004). Analysis of presidential primary campaign commercials of 2004.  Communication Quarterly, 53, 451-471.

Devlin, L. P. (2001). Contrast in presidential campaign commercials of 2000. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2338-2369.

Devlin, L. P. (1997). Contrast in presidential campaign commercials of 1996. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 1058-1084.

Devlin, L. P. (1995). Political commercials in American presidential elections. In L. L. Kaid & C. Holtz-Bacha (Eds.), Political advertising in western democracies: Parties & candidates on television (pp. 186-205). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Devlin, L. P. (1994). Televised advertising in the 1992 New Hampshire presidential primary election, Political Communication, 11, 81-99.

Devlin, L. P. (1993). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials in 1992. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 272-290.

Devlin, L. P. (1989). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1988. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 389-414.

Devlin, L. P. (1987). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1984. Political Communication Review, 12, 25-55.

Devlin, L. P. (1986). An analysis of presidential television commercials, 1952-1984. In L. L. Kaid, D. Nimmo, & K. R. Sanders (eds.), New perspectives on political advertising (pp. 21-4). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Devlin, L. P. (1985). Campaign Commercials. Society, 22, 45-0.

Devlin, L. P. (1982). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1980. Political Communication Review, 7, 1-38.

Devlin, L. P. (1982). An analysis of Kennedy's communication in the 1980 campaign. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 397-417.

Devlin, L. P. (1981). Reagan's and Carter's ad men review the 1980 television campaigns. Communication Quarterly, 30, 3-12.

Devlin, L. P. (1977). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1976. Central States Speech Journal, 28, 238-249.

Devlin, L. P. (1973-74). Contrasts in presidential campaign commercials of 1972. Journal of Broadcasting, 18, 17-26.

Dial 10900-GEN-IFER: A preview of spots coming soon to a screen near you (1992, July). Campaigns & Elections, 13, 25-28.

Diamond, E. (1976, Dec.). The Ford and Carter commercials they didn't dare run. More, 6, 12-7.

Diamond, E. (1980). A candidate for all channels. American Film, 5, 28-32.

Diamond, E. (1982). Sign Off: The last days of television. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Diamond, E. (1988, October 10). The lite hurrah. New York Magazine, 34-77.

Diamond, E. (1992, April 6). Selling Clinton. New York, 25, 36-38.

Diamond, E., & Bates, S. (1988). Hot spots (1988 presidential ads). New York, 21, 28-33.

Diamond, E., & Bates, S. (1992). The spot: The rise of political advertising on television (3rd Ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Diamond, E., & Bates, S. (1985). 'The ads.' In M. J. Robinson & A. Ranney (Eds.), The mass media in campaign '84 (pp. 49-52). Washington, D. C.: American Enterprise.

Diamond, E., & Marin, A. (1989). Spots. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 382-88.

DHinMI (2005). Whither Political Advertising? http://thenexthurrah.typepad.com/the_next_hurrah/2005/03/advertising.html

Dinzes, D., Cozzens, M. D., & Manross, G. G. (1994). The role of gender in "attack ads": Revisiting negative political advertising. Communication Research Reports, 11, 67-75.

Dirty Harry and associates: Negative advertising becomes an art form (1986). Campaigns and Elections, 7, 55.

Dionisopoulos, G. (1986). Corporate advocacy advertising. In L. L. Kid, D. Nimmo, & K. R. Sanders (Eds), New perspectives on political advertising (pp82-106). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

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Do negative ads affect elections? USA Today (magazine), 121, 16.

Doak. D. (1995, July). Attack ads: Rethinking the rules. Campaigns and Elections, 16, 20-21.

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Donohue, T. R. (1973-74). Impact of viewer predispositions on political TV commercials. Journal of Broadcasting, 18, 3-15.

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Dover, E. D. (2006). Images, issues, and attacks: Television advertising by incumbents and challengers in presidential elections. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Dowling, C. M., & Wichowsky, A. (2015). Attacks without consequence? Candidates, parties, groups, and the changing face of negative advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 59, 19–36.

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Edward, C. (2000, November). Political ads with show-biz appeal. Insight Magazine.

Elebash, C, & Rosene, J. (1982). Issues in political advertising in deep South gubernatorial race. Journalism Quarterly, 59, 420-423.

End of innocence (1996). The CQ Researcher, 6, 878-?. [Deals with Nixon hiring advisers from advertising and journalism]

Englis, B. G. (1994). The role of affect in political advertising: Voter emotional responses to the nonverbal behavior of politicians. In E. M. Clark, T. C. Brock, & D. W. Stewart (Eds.), Attention, attitude, and affect in response to advertising (pp. 223-250). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.

Faber, R. J. (1992). Advances in political advertising research: A progression from If to When. Journal of Current Issues and Research in advertising, 14, 1-18.

Faber, R. J., & Storey, M. C. (1984). Recall of information from political advertising. Journal of Advertising, 13, 39-44.

Faber, R. J., & Storey, (1985). Advertising and candidate choice: A profile of voters influenced by political commercials. In N. Stephens (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1985 American Academy of Advertising. Tempe, AZ: American Academy of Advertising.

Faber, R. J., Tims, A. R., & Schmitt, K. G. (1993). Negative political advertising and voting intent: The role of involvement and alternative information sources. Journal of Advertising, 22, 67-76.

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