Aalberg, T., & Jenssen, A. T. (2007). Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. NORDICOM Review, 28, 17-32.

Ackelsberg, M. A. (2003). Broadening the study of women's participation. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 214-235). New York: Oxford University Press.

Aday, S., & Devitt, J. (2001). Style over substance: Newspaper coverage of Elizabeth Dole's presidential bid. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 52-73Alexander, D. (1995). The influence of gender beliefs in constructing candidate images. A dissertation at Syracuse University.

Alexander, D., & Anderson, K. (1993). Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 527-545.

Allen, C. (1990). Political campaigning: A new decade. Washington, DC: National Woman's Political Caucus.

Anderson, K. (1996). After suffrage: Women in partisan and electoral politics before the New Deal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Anderson, K. V. (2011). “Rhymes with Blunt”: Pornification and U.S. Political Culture. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 327–368.

Anderson, K. V. (2004). The First Lady: A site for "American Womanhood.". In M. M. Wertheimer (Ed.) Inventing a voice (17-30). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Anderson, K. V. (2002). From spouses to candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Elizabeth Dole, and the gendered office of U. S. president. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5, 105-132.

Anderson, K. V. (2002). Hillary Rodham Clinton as "Mondana": The role of metaphor and oxymoron in image restoration. Women's Studies in Communication, 25, 1-24.

Anderson, K. V. (1999). "Rhumes with Rich," '"Bitch" as a toll of containment in contemporary American politics. Rhetoric & Public Affairds, 2, I599-623.

Anderson, K. V., & Sheeler, K. H. (2014). Texts (and tweets) from Hillary: Meta-meming and postfeminist political culture Presidential Studies Quarterly, 44, 224–243.

Anderson, K. V., & Sheeler, K. H. (2005). Governing codes: Gender, metaphor, and political identity. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. [looks at Ann Richards, Christine Todd Whitman, Hillary Clinton and Elizabeth Dole]

Arduser, L., & Koerber, A. (2014). Splitting women, producing biocitizens, and vilifying Obamacare in the 2012 presidential campaign. Women's Studies in Communication, 37, 117-137.

Arneil, B. (1999). Politics and feminism, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Lonna Rae Atkeson, L. R. (2003). Not all cues are created equal: The conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement. Journal of Politics, 65, 1040–1061.

Baer, D. L. (2003). Women, Women's organizations and political parties. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 111-145). New York: Oxford University Press.

Banducci, S. A., & Karp, J. A. (2000). Gender, leadership and choice in multiparty systems. Political Research Quarterly, 53, 815-848.

Banwart, M. C. (2006). Constructing images in presidenital primaries: An analysis of discourse stategies in the Dole bush Iowa straw poll speeches. Argumentation and Adovcacy, 43, 65-78.

Banwart, M. C. (2006). Webstyles in 2004: The gendering of candidates on the campaign web sites. In A. P. Williams and J. C. Tedesco. The Internet election: Perspectives on the web in campaign 2004 (pp.37-55). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.

Banwart, M. C. (2005). Engaging the gap: Exploring the gender gap and its influence on the 2000 presidential election. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom, & D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 269-279). New York: Peter Lang.

Banwart, M. C. (2002). Videostyle and webstyle in 2000: Comparing the gender differences of candidate presentations in political advertising and on the Internet. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman.

Banwart, M. C., & Kaid, L. L. (2003). Behind their skirts: Clinton's appeal to women voters. In R. E. Denton & R. L. Holloway (Eds.) Images, scandal, and communication strategies of the Clinton presidency (pp. 91-112). Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.

Banwart, M C., Bystrom, D. G., & Robertson, T. (2003). From the primary to the general election: A comparative analysis of candidate media coverage in mixed-gender 2000 races for governor and U.S. Senate. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 658-676.

Banwart, M. C., Bystrom, D. G., Robertson, T., & Miller, J. (2003). Issues agendas in candidate messages versus media coverage: Are women and men on the same page? In L. L Kaid, J. C. Tedesco, D. G. Bystrom, & M. S. McKinney (Eds.) The millennium election: Communication in the 2000 campaign (pp. 147-163) . New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Barber, J. & Kellerman, B. (1985). Women in American politics. Prentice Hall.

Barker-Plummer, B. (1995). News as a political resource: Media strategies and political identity in the U.S. Women’s Movement, 1966-1975. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12, 306-324.

Battle of the sexes - male and female political candidates (1992, Sept-Oct). Psychology Today.

Baxter, S, & Lansing, M. (1983). Women and politics: The visible majority. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Beasley, M. H. (1997). How can media coverage of women be improved. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 235-244). New York, Oxford University Press.

Beasley, V. B. (2002). Engendering democratic change: How three U. S. presidents discussed female suffrage. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5, 79-103.

Beckwith, B. (2005). A common language of gender? Politics & Gender, 1, 128-137 .

Bendyna, M. E., Lake, C. (1994). Gender and voting in the 1992 presidential election. In E. A. Cook,, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 237-254). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Benze, J. G. & Declercq, E. R. The Importance of Gender in Congressional and Statewide Elections," Social Science Quarterly

Benze, J. G. & Declercq, E. R. (1985). Content of television political spot ads for female candidates. Journalism Quarterly, 12, 278-283, 288.

Berch, N. (1996). The "Year of the Woman" in context: a test of six explanations. American Politics quarterly, 24, 169-.

Berstein, A. G. (2000). The effects of message theme, policy explicitness, and candidate gender. Communication Quarterly, 48, 159-173.

Bernstein, R. (1986). Why are there so few women in the house? Western Political Quarterly, 39, 155-164.

Black, J. H., & Erickson, L. (2000). Similarity, compensation, or difference? A comparison of female and male office-seekers. Women and Politics, 21, 1-38.

Bland C., & Cross, M. (Eds.) (2004). Gender and poltics in the age of letter writing, 1750-2000. Burlingon,VT: Ashgate Publising.

Blankenship, J., Mendez-Mendez, S, Kang, J. G., & Giordano, J. (1986). Initial construction of Ferraro in newspaper editorials. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 378-382.

Blankenship, J., & Robson, D. A. (1995). The ‘Feminine Style’ in political discourse: An exploratory Essay. Communication Quarterly, 43, 353-366.

Bledsoe, T., & Herring, M. (1990). Victims of circumstances: Women in pursuit of political office. Political Science Review, , 213-224.

Bolce, L. (1985). The role of gender in recent presidential elections: Reagan and the reverse gender gap. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 15, 372-385.

Borrelli, M. (2001). Competing conceptions of the first ladyship: Public responses to Betty Ford's 60 Minutes interview. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31, 397-414.

Bostdorff, D. M. (1998).Hillary Rodham Clinton and Elizabeth Dole as running "Mates" in the 1996 campaign: Parallels in the rhetorical constraints of First Ladies and Vice Presidents. In R. E. Denton (Ed.) The 1996 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 199-227). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Bostdorff, D. M. (1991). Vice-presidential comedy and the traditional female role: An examination of the rhetorical characteristics of the Vice Presidency. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, 1-27.

Boxer, B. (1994). Stranger in the senate: Politics an the new revolution of women in America. National Press Books.

Braden, M. (1996). Women politicians and the media. Lexington, KY: The University of Kentucky Press.

Bratton, K. A. (2005). Critical mass theory revisited: The behavior and success of token women in state legislatures. Politics & Gender, 1, 97-125.

Broder, D. (1987, Dec. 5). Conference on stereotypes and women candidates, sponsored by the Women’s Campaign Research Fund. Washington, D. C.

Brown, C., Heighberger, N. R., & Shocket, P. A. (1993). Gender-based differences in perceptions of male and female city council candidates. Women and Politics. 13, 1-17.

Brown, M. E. (1997). Feminism and cultural politics: Television audiences and Hillary Rodham Clinton. Political Communication, 14, 255-270.

Brown, M. E,. & Gardetto, D. C. (2000). Representing Hillary Rodham Clinton: Gender, meaning, and news media. In A. Sreberny and L. Zoonen (eds.) Gender, politics and communication (pp. 21-51), Cresskill: Hamptoin Press.

Buchanan, A. (1993). Women in politics. Pepperdine Law Review, 1156-1169.

Burden, B. C. (1999). Public opinion and Hillary Rodham Clinton. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 237-250.

Burnette, A. E. (2005). Courting women voters: Candidate message strategies and the gender gap. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 281-291). New York: Peter Lang.

Burrell, B. C. (2006). Political parties and women's organizations: Bringing women into the electoral arena. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 143-168). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Burrell, B. C. (2003). Money and women's candidacies for public office. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 72-86). New York: Oxford University Press.

Burrell, B. (1997). Public opinion, the First Ladyship, and Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Garland.

Burrell, B. C. (1994). A Woman’s place is in the House: Campaigning for congress in a feminist era. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Burrell, B. C. (1994). Party decline, party transformation and gender politics: The USA. In J. Lovenduski and P. Norris (Eds.), Gender and party politics (pp. 291-308). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Burrell, B. (1988). The political opportunity of women candidates for the U. S. House of Representatives in 1984. Women and Politics, 8, 51-68.

Burrell, B. (1987). Not a Cinderella story (success for women candidates in 1986). Campaigns and Elections, 7, 32-37.

Butler, J. (1995). Carol Moseley-Braun's Day to Talk about Race: A Study of Forum in the United States Senate. Argumentation and advocacy, 32, 62 -

Bystrom, D. (2006). Advertising, web sites, and media coverage: Gender and communication along the campaign trail. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 169-188). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bystrom, D. G. (2005). Media content and candidate viability: The case of Elizabeth Dole. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 123-133). New York: Peter Lang.

Bystrom, D. G. (2004). Women as political sources and audience. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research (pp. 435-459). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher.

Bystrom, D. G. (1995). Candidate gender and the presentation of self: The videostyles of men and women in U. S. senate campaigns. Dissertation completed at the University of Oklahoma. (Reviewed in Political Communication, 13, 487-489, 1996).

Bystrom, D. G., Banwart, M C., Kaid, L. L. & Robertson, T. (2004). Gender and candiadate communication. New York: Routledge.

Bystrom, D. G., & Kaid, L. L. (2002). Are women candidates transforming campaign communication? A comparison of advertising videostyles in the 1990s. In C. S. Rosenthal (Ed.), Women transforming Congress (pp. 146-169). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Bystrom, D. G., McKinnon, L. M., & Chaney, C. (1999). First Ladies and the fourth estate: Media coverage of Hillary Clinton and Elizabeth Dole in the 1996 presidential campaign. In L. L. Kaid and Bystrom, D. G. (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 81-95). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bystrom, D. G., & Miller, J. L. (1999). Gendered communication styles and strategies in campaign 1996: The videostyles of women and men candidates. In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293-302), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bystrom, D. G., Robertson, T. A. , & Banwart, M. C. (2001). Framing the fight: Analysis of media coverage of female and male candidates in primary races for governor and U.S. senate in 2000. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1999-2013.

Caiazza, A. B. (2005). Making politics responsive to women: Gender, policy, and political participation. In M. S. McKinney, L. L. Kaid, D. G. Bystrom,& D. B. Carlin (Eds.) Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 261-268). New York: Peter Lang.

Campbell, D. E., & Wolbrecht, C. (2006). See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. Journal of Politics, 68, 233-.

Campbell, K. K. (1998). The discursive performance of femininity: Hating Hillary. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 1, 1-19.

Campbell, K. K. (1996). The rhetorical presidency: A two-person career. In M. J. Medhurst (Ed.), Beyond the rhetorical presidency (pp. 179-195). College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Campbell, K. K. (1989). Man cannot speak for her: A critical study of early feminist rhetoric, Vol. 1 & 2. New York: Greenwood Press.

Campbell, K. K. (Ed.) (1993). Women public speakers in the United States, 1800-1925: A bio-critical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Campbell, K. K. (Ed.) (1994). Women public speakers in the United States, 1925-1993: A bio-critical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Cantor, D. W;., & Bernay, T. 1992). Women in power: The secret of leadership. Boston: Houghton.

Carlson, A. C. (1994). Defining womanhood: Lucretia Mott and the transformation of femininity. Western Journal of Communication, 58, 85-97.

Carlson, J. M., & Boring, M. K. (1981). Androgyny and politics: The effects of winning and losing on candidate image. International Political Science Review, 2, 481-491.

Carlson, T. (2001). Gender and Political Advertising across Cultures: A Comparison of Male and Female Political Advertising in Finland and the US. European Journal of Communication,16, 131-154.

Carpini, M., & Fuchs, E. R. (1993). The year of the woman: Candidates, voters and the 1992 elections. Political Science Quarterly, , 29-37.

Carroll, S. J. (2006). voting choices: Meet you at the gender gap. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 74-96). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Carroll, S. J. (Ed.) (2003). Women and American politics: New questions, new directions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Carroll, S. J. (1985). The career paths of elected women politicians: A review of the literature and research agenda. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Woman and Politics.

Carroll, S. J. (1985). Political elites and sex differences in political ambition: A reconsideration. Journal of Politics, 47, 1231-1243.

Carroll, S. J. (1985). Women as political candidates in American politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Carroll, S. J., & Fox. R. L. (Eds.) (2006). Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Carroll, S. J., & Liebowitz, D. J. (2003). Introduction: New challenges, new questions, new directions. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 1-29). New York: Oxford University Press.

Carroll, S. J., & Schreiber, R. (1997). Media coverage of women in the 103^rd Congress. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 131-148). New York, Oxford University Press.

Caudill, S. A. (1997). Contemporary women at the public podium: Media influence and the continued devaluing of women as speakers. Speaker and Gavel, 34, 26-38.

Chaney, C., Alvarez, R., & Nagler, J. (1998). Explaining the gender gap in the U.S. presidential elections, 1980-1992.Political Research Quarterly, 51, 311-339.

Chang, C., & Hitchon, J. C. B. (2004). When does gender count: Further insights into gender schematic processing of female candidates' political advertising, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 51, 197-208.

Chang, D., & Hitchon, J. (1997). Mass media impact on voter response to women candidates: Theoretical development. Communication Theory, 7, 29-52.

Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2006). Gender and politics: The state of the art. Politics , 26, 18-28 .

Cirksena, M. K., (1996). Sources of Access and Competence in women’s political persuading, 1994-1984. Communication Quarterly, 44, 227-245.

Clark, C., & Clark, J. (1986). Models of gender and political participation in the United States. Women and Politics, 6, 5-26.

Clark, J. (1991). Getting there: Women in public office. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 515, 62-72.

Clark, J., Hadley, C., & Darcy, R. (1989). Political ambition among men and women state party leaders: Testing the countersocialization perspective. American Political Quarterly, 17, 194-207.

Clift, E. & Brazaitis (2000). Madam President: Shattering the last glass ceiling. Scribner.

Cos, G. C., & Snee, B. J. (2001). “New York, New York”: Being and creating identity in the 2000 New York state senate race. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2014-2029.

Cohen, C. J. (2003). A portrait of continuing marginality: The study of women of color in American politics. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 190-213). New York: Oxford University Press.

Coleman, L. B. (1994, April). Manipulating motherhood: A hermeneutic analysis of women candidates’ 1992 television ads. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL.

Conover, P. J. (1988). Feminists and the gender gap. The Journal of Politics, 50, 965- .

Conway, M. M., Ahern, D. W., & Steuernagel, G. A. (1999). Women and public policy: A revolution in progress, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Conway, M. M., Steuernagel, G. A., & Ahern, D. W. (1997). Women and political participation: Cultural change in the political arena. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Cook. E. A. (1994). Voter response to women candidates. In E. A. Cook,, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 217-236). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Cook, E. A. (1993). Feminist consciousness and candidate preference among American women, 1972-1988. Political Behavior, 15, 227-246.

Cook, E. A., Thomas, S, & Wilcox, C. (Eds.) (1994). The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Corrigan, M. (2000). The transformation of going public: President Clinton, the First Lady, and health care reform. Political Communication, 17, 149-168.

Cos, G. C. , & Snee, B. J. (2001). "New York, New York": Being and creating identity in the 2000 New York senate race. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2014-2029.

Costain, A. N., Braunstein, R., & Berggren, H. (1997). Framing the women’s movement. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 205-220). New York, Oxford University Press.

Cox, E. M. (1997). Women in modern American politics: A bibliography 1900-1995. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Crosby, B. (1988). Women, new images of leadership. Social Policy, , 40-45.

Danner, L., & Walsh, S. (1999). "Radical" feminists and the "Bickering" women: Backlash in U.S. media coverage of the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 16, 63-84.

Darcy, R., Welch, S., & Clark, J. (1987). Women, elections, and representation. New York: Longman.

Darcy, R., Welch, S. & Clark, J. (1994). Women in political office. In Githens, P. Norris, & J. Lovenduski. Different roles, different voices. New York: Harper Collins.

Daughton, S. M. (1995). Women's issues, women's place: Gender-related problems in presidential campaigns. In K. E. Kendall (Ed.), Presidential campaign discourse: Strategic communication problems. (pp. 221-240). Albany NY: State University of New York.

Daughton, S. M. (1994). Women’s issues, women’s issues, women’s place: Gender-related problems in presidential campaigns. Communication Quarterly, 42, 106-119.

DeRosa, K. L., & Bystrom, D. G. (1999). The voice of and for women in the 1996 presidential campaign: Style and substance of convention speeches. In L. L. Kaid and Bystrom, D. G. (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 97-111). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Devitt, J.(1999). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Women's executive leadership and the press. Washington DC: The Women's Leadership Fund.

Diamond, I., & Hartsock, N. (1981). Beyond interests in politics: A comment on Virginia Sapiro's "when are interests interesting: The Problem of Political Representation of Women." American Political Science Review, 75, 716-721.

Dinzes, D., Cozzens, M. D., & Manross, G. G. (1993). The role of gender in "attack ads": Revisiting negative political advertising. Communication Research Reports, 11, 67-75.

Dolon, J. & Kropf, J. S. (2004). Credit claiming from the U.S. House: Gendered communication styles?. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9, 41-59.

Dolan, K. (1997). Gender differences in support for women candidates: Is there a glass ceiling in American politics. Women & Politics, 17, 27-41.

Dow, B. J. (1994). Ann Willis Richards (1933-): A voice for political empowerment. Women public speakers in the United States. 1925-1993 (pp. 452-464). K. K. Campbell (Ed.) Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Dow, B. J., & Tonn, M. B. (1993). "Feminine style" and political judgment in the rhetoric of Ann Richards. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 79, 286-302.

Duesrst-Lahti, G., (2006). Presidential elections: Gendered space and the case of 2004. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 12-42). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Duesrst-Lahti, G., & Kelly, R. M. (1995). Gender power, leadership, and governance,. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Duke, L. L. (Eds) (1996). Women in politics: Outsiders or insiders? (2^nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Eagly, A., & Karau, S. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109. 573-598.

Edwards, R. B. (1997). Angles in the machinery: Gender in American party politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era. Oxford Univ. Press.

Eisenstein. Z. (1994). The color of gender: Reimaging democracy. Berkeley: University of California.

Elshtain, J. B. (1974). Moral woman and immoral man: A consideration of the public-private split and its political ramifications. Politics and Society, 4, 453-474.

Elshtain, J. B. (1987). Feminist political rhetoric and woman's studies. In J. S. Nelson, A. Megill, & D. N. McCloskey (Eds.), The rhetoric of the human sciences: Language and argument in scholarship and public affairs, (pp. 319-340). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Falk, E. (2008). Women for president, Media bias in eight campaigns. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Ferguson, M. L. (2005). “W” stands for women: Feminism and security rhetoric in the post-9/11 Bush administration. Politics & Gender, 1, 9-38.

Ferguson, K. E. (2001). Women and grassroots organizing. Women and Politics, 22, 97-111.

Fitzpatrick, K. (1995, Oct./Nov.). Gender gap Politics: The Republican warning. Campaigns and Elections, 16, 25-6, 59.

Flora, C. B., & Lynn, N. B. (1974). Women and political socialization: Considerations of the impact of motherhood. In J. Jaquette (Ed.), Women in politics (pp. 37-43). New York: Wiley.

Fox, R. L. (1996). Gender dynamics in congressional elections. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Fox, R. L. (2006). Congressional elections: Where are we on the road to gender parity? In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 97-116). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Fox, R., & Smith, E. R. A. N. (1998). The role of candidate sex in voter decision-making. Political Psychology, 19, 405-415.

Fox, R. L., & Oxley, Z. O. (2006) Does running with a woman help? Evidence from U.S. gubernatorial elections. Politics & Gender, 1, 525-.

Friedman, R. B., & Lee, R. E. (2014). The style and rhetoric of Elisabeth Dole: Public persona and political discourse. Lexington Books.

Freeman, J. (1999). A room at a time: Women's entry into party politics from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-1960s. Rowman & Littlefield.

Fridkin, K. L., & Kenney, P. J. (2007). Examining the gender gap in children’s ttitudes toward politics. Sex Roles,  56, 133-

Friedlander, J., Cook, B. W., Kessler-Harris, A., & Smith-Rosenberg, C. (Eds.) (1986). Women in culture and politics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Fox, R. L. (1999). Gender dynamics in congressional elections. Sage Public Administration Abstracts 26, no. 2

Fox, R. L. (1999) Gender Dynamics in Congressional Elections. Women & Politics, 20, 109-

Francia, P. L., Herrnson, P. S., & Lucas, J. C. (2002). Is there a gender gap in campaign ethics? Campaign and Elections, 32, 45-47.

Gaddie, R. K., Hoffman, K. U., & Palmer, C. (2000). Congressional elections beyond the year of the woman: A research update. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 879-884.

Gardetto, D. C. (1997). Hillary Rodham Clinton, Symbolic gender politics, and the New York Times: January-November 1992. Political Communication, 14, 225-240.

Genovese, M. A. (Ed.) (1993). Women as national leaders: The political performance of women a heads of government. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Gershon, S. A. (2008). Communicating female and minority interests online: A study of web site issue discussion among female, Latino, and African American Members of Congress. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13, 120-140.

Gertzog, I. (1995). Congressional women: Their recruitment, integration, and behavior, 2^nd Edition. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Gilardi, F. (2015). The temporary importance of role models for women's political representation. American Journal of Political Science,  

Gidengil, E., & Everitt, J. (2003). Talking tough: Gender and reported speech in campaign news coverage. Political Communication, 20, 209-232.

Gidengil, E.,& Everitt, J. (2000). Filtering the female: Television news coverage of the 1993 Canadian leaders' debates. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 36, .

Gidengil, E., & Everitt, J. (1999). Metaphors and misrepresentation: Gendered mediation in news coverage of the 1993 Canadian leaders' debates. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4, 48-65.

Githens, M. (2003). Accounting for women 's political involvement: The perennial problem of recruitment. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 33-52). New York: Oxford University Press.

Githens, M., Norris, P., & Lovenduski, J. (1994). Different roles, different voices: Women and politics in the United States and Europe. New York: HarperCollins.

Goldenberg, , E. N., Traugott, M. W., & Kahn, K. F. (1987). Voter assessment of presidential and senatorial candidates. In J. Vermeer (Ed.), Campaigns in the news: Mass media and congressional elections. New York: Greenwood.

Golebiowska, E. A. (1999). Gender gap in political tolerance. Political Behavior, 21, 43-

Goodall, S. (1994). De/reconstructing Hillary: From the retro ashes of the Donna Reed fantasy to a ‘90s view of women and politics. In S. A. Smith (Ed.), Bill Clinton on stump, state, and stage: The Rhetorical road to the White House (pp. 163-186). Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.

Gordon, A., Shafie, D. M., & Crigler, A. N. (2003). Is negative advertising effective for female candidates? An experiment in voters' use of gender stereotypes. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8, 35-53.

Gordon, A. D. (1997). African American women and the vote, 1837-1965. Univ. of Massachusetts Press.

Greenberg, A. (1997). Divine inspiration: Women, religion and politics. Dissertation completed at the University of Chicago.

Gunn, J. (2010). On speech and public release. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 13, 1–42. (Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama).

Gutgold, N. D. (2010). Almost Madm President: Why Hillary Clinton "Won" in 2008. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

Gutgold, N. D. (2006). Paving the way for madam president. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

Gutgold, N. (2001). Managing rhetorical roles: Elizabeth Hanford Dole from spouse to candidate 1996-1999. Women and Language, 24, 29-36.

Halcli, A. & Reger, J. (1997). Strangers in a strange land: The gendered experiences of women politicians in Britain and the United States. In L. Richardson (Ed.), Feminist frontiers IV (pp. 457-471). New York: McGraw Hill.

Hall, A. (2000). "For Kentucky": The shared vision of Governor Martha Layne Collins. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 45-57). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Hansen, S. B., (1997). Talking About Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing. Journal of Politics, 59, 73-103.

Hansen, S. B. (1994). Lynn Yeakel versus Arlen Specter in Pennsylvania: Why she lost. In E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.). The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 87-108). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Harrison, T. M., Stephen, T. D., Husson, W., & Fehr, B. J. (1991). Images versus issues in the 1984 presidential election: Differences between men and women.Human Communication Research, 18, 209-227.

Hartmann, S. (1989). From margin to mainstream: American women and politics since 1960. Templeton University Press.

Hayes, B. C., & Makkai, T. (1996). Politics and the mass media: The differential impact of gender. Women & Politics, 16, 45-74.

Heldman, C., Carroll, S. J., & Olson, S. (2005). "She Brought Only a Skirt": Print media coverage of Elizabeth Dole's bid for the republican presidential nomination.Political Communication, 22, 315-335.

Hedlund, R. D., Freeman, P. K., Hamm, K. E., & Stein, R. M. (1979). The electability of women candidates: The effects of sex role stereotypes. The Journal of Politics, 41, 513-524.

Heith, D. J. (2001). Footwear, lipstick, and an Orthodox Sabbath: Media coverage of nontraditional candidates. White House Studies, 1, 335-349.

Hendricks, C. H. (1928). When a woman governor campaigns. Scribner's Magazine, 81-91.

Henry, S. (1994). The deep divide: Why American women resist equality. Macmillan.

Herrnson, P. S., & Stikes, A. J. (2003). Women running "as women": Candidate gender, campaign issues, and voter-targeting strategies. Journal of Politics, 65, 244-255.

Herrnson, P. S., Lay, J. C., & Stokes, A. K. (2003). Women running "as women": Candidate gender, campaign issues, and voter-targeting strategies. Journal of Politics, 5, 244–255.

Hershey, M. (1994). The year of the woman? In M. Githens, P. Norris, & J. Lovensuski, Different roles, different voices. New York: Harper Collins.

Herzog, H. (1998). More than a looking glass: Women in Israeli local politics and the media. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3, 26-47.

Hill, M. L. (2005). The relationship between candidate sex and pronoun usage in a Louisiana Governor's race. Women & Language, 28, 23-32.

Hitchon, J. C., Chang, C., & Harris, R. (1997). Should women emote: Perceptual bias and opinion change in response to political ads for candidates of different genders. Political Communication, 14, 49-69.

Huddy, L. (1997). Feminists and feminism in the news. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 183-204). New York, Oxford University Press.

Huddy, L. (1994). The political significance of voters’ gender stereotypes. Research in Micropolitics, 4, 169-193.

Huddy, L, & Terkildsen, N. (1993). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 503-525.

Huddy, L, & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 119-147.

Jack, J. & Massagee, L. (2011) Ladies and lynching: Southern women, Civil Rights, and the rhetoric of interracial cooperation. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 493–510.

Iyengar, S., Valentio, N. A., Ansolabehere, S., & Simon, A. F. (1997). Running as women: Gender stereotyping in political campaigns. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 77-). New York, Oxford University Press.

Jack, J. & Massagee, L. (2011) Ladies and lynching: Southern women, Civil Rights, and the rhetoric of interracial cooperation. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 493–510.

Jackson, R. A., Mondak, J. J. & Huckfeldt, R. (2009). Examining the possible corrosive impact of negative advertising on citizens' attitudes toward politics. Political Research Quarterly, 62, 55-69.

Jamieson, K. H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: Women and leadership. New York: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, D. I. (2005). Feminine style in presidential debate discourse, 1960-2000. Communication Quarterly, 53, 3-20.

Johnston, A, & White, A. B. (1994). Communication styles and female candidates: A study of the political advertising during the 1986 elections. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 321-329.

Kahn, K F. (2003). Assessing the media's impact on the political fortunes of women. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 173-189). New York: Oxford University Press.

Kahn, K. F. (1996). The political consequences of being a woman: How stereotypes influence the content and impact of statewide campaigns. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Kahn, K. F. (1994). The distorted mirror: Press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. The Journal of Politics, 56, 154-173.

Kahn, K. F. (1994). Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns in statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 162-195.

Kahn, K. F. (1993). Gender differences in campaign messages: The political advertisements of men and women candidates for U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 481-502..

Kahn, K. F. (1992). Does being male help? An investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluations of U. S. Senate candidates. The Journal of Politics, 54, 497-517.

Kahn, K. F., & Goldenberg, E. N. (1991). Women candidates in the news: An examination of gender differences in U. S. Senate campaign coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 180-199.

Kahn, K. F., & Gordon, A. (1997). How women campaign for the U. S. senate: Substance and strategy. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 59-76). New York, Oxford University Press.

Kaid, L. L., & Holtz-Bacha, C. (2000). Gender reactions to TV political broadcasts. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5, 17-29.

Kaid, L. L., Myers, S. L., Pipps, V., & Hunter, J. (1984). Sex role perceptions and televised advertising: Comparing male and female candidates. Women & Politics, 4, 41-53.

Kamier, W. (1992, July). Crashing the locker room. The Atlantic, 270, 58-68,70.

Kaml, S. S. (2000). The fusion of populist and feminine styles in the rhetoric of Ann Richards. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 59-81). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kaptur, M. (1996). Women of Congress: A twentieth-century odyssey. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Kelber, M. (Ed.) (1994). Woman and government: New Ways to political power. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kelley, C. E. (2001). The rhetoric of first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton: Crisis management discourse. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kennedy, R. S., & O'Shields, G. H. (1983). We shall be heard: Women Speakers in America, 1928-present. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Kenski, K. (2000). Women and political knowledge during the 2000 primaries. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 572, 26-28.

Kern, M. (1987, December). Running in 1988: Using the media to surmount stereotypes about women candidates. Women's Campaign Research Fund, Washington, D. C.

Kern, M., & Edley, P. P. (1994). Women candidates going public: The 30-second format. Argumentation and Advocacy. .

Kern, M., & Just, M. (1997). A gender gap among viewers? In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 99-112). New York, Oxford University Press.

Kirshenbaum, G. (1996/March/April). Why all but one woman senator voted against welfare. Ms. Magazine, 16-19.

Koch, J. W. (1999). Candidate gender and assessments of Senate candidates. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 84-96.

Koch, J. (1997). Candidate gender and women's psychological engagement in politics. American Politics Quarterly, 25, 118-.

Kohut, A, & Parker, K. (1997). Talk radio and gender politics. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 221-234). New York, Oxford University Press.

Klotz, R.; & Broome, A. ( 1998). Discussion of Women's Issues in the 1996 Internet Campaign. Women & Politics, 1998, 19, 67-87.

Krauss, W. R. (1974). Political implications of gender roles: A review of the literature. American Political Science Review, 68, 1706-1723.

Kunin, M. M. (2008). Pearls, politics & Power: How women can win and lead. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Ladd, E. C. (1997). Media framing of the gender gap. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 113-128). New York, Oxford University Press.

la Cour Dabelko, K. & Herrnson, P. S. (1997). Women's and men's campaigns for the U. S. House of Representatives, Political Research Quarterly, 50, 121-135.

Lake, C. (1995, Oct./Nov.). Gender gap Politics: The Democratic puzzle. Campaigns and Elections, 16, 23-4, 69.

Lake, C., DiVall, L, & Iyengar, S. (1997). Women as political candidates: Was 1992 the "Year of the Woman"? in S. Iyengar & R. Reeves (Eds.) Do the media govern? Politicians, voters, and reporters in America (pp. 165-170). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.

Lake, R. A., & Pickering, B. A. (2015). Argumentative trajectories in the War on Women. In C. H. Palczewski, Ed., Disturbing argument (pp. 182-192). Routledge, New York.

Lansing, J. (1991). Campaigning for Office: A woman runs. :R&E Publishers.

Lansing J. (1991). 101 campaign tips for women and their staffs. :R&E Publishers.

Lansing, M. (1974). The American woman: Voter and activist. In J. Jaquette (Ed.), Woman in politics. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Larson, S. G. (2001). American women and politics in the media: A review essay, PS: Political Science and Politics, 34, 227-230

Larson, S. G. (2001). "Running as Women"? A comparison of female and male Pennsylvania Assembly candidates' campaign brochures.Women and Politics, 22, 107-124.

Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M. (2002). Effectiveness of negative campaigning in U.S. senate elections. American Journal of Political Science, 46, 47-66.

Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M. (2001). Effects of negative campaigning on turnout in U.S. senate elections, 1988-1998. Journal of Politics, 63, 804-819.

Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M. (2001). Negative campaigning by US senate candidates. Party Politics,7, 69-87.

Lawless, J. L., & Fox, R. L. (2005). It takes a candidate: Why women don't run for office. Cambridge: Oxford Unversity Press.

Leeper, M. S. (1990). The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 248-261.

Lee, T. M. L. (2001). Feminism, postmodernism, and the politics of representation. Women and Politics, 22, 35-57.

Levander, C. R. (1998). Voices of the nation: Women and public speech in nineteenth-century American literature and culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Lewis, T. (2011).  Municipal housekeeping in the American West: Bertha Knight Landes’s entrance into politics, Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14, 465–492. (first women elected)

List, K. K. (1985). Two party papers' political coverage of women in the new republic. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2, 152-165.

Lovenduski, J., & Norris, P. (Ed.) (1994). Gender and political parties. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

MacManus, S. A. (2006). voter participation and turnout. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 43-73). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Mandel, R. B. (1983). In the running: The new woman candidate. Boston: Beacon Press.

Manza, J., & Brooks, C. (1998). The gender gap in U.S. Elections: when? Why? Implications? American Journal of Sociology, 103, 1235-1266.

Mansbridge, J. J. (1985). Myth and reality: The ERA and the gender gap in the 1980 election. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 164-178.

Marshall, B. D., & Mayhead, M. A. (2000). The changing face of the governorship. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 1-14). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Marshall, B. D., & Mayhead, M. A. (Eds.) (2000). Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Marshall, S. (1996). Marilyn vs. Hillary: Women’s place in new right politics. Women and Politics, , 55-75.

Martin, J. M. (2003). The presidency and women: Promise, performance, and illusion. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press.

Martin, J. (1999). The recruitment of women to cabinet and subcabinet posts. Western Political Quarterly, , 161-173.

Martin, M. (1999). The almanac of women and minorities in American politics. Westview Press.

Masters, R. D., & Carlotti, S. J. (1994). Gender differences in responses to political leaders. In L. Ellis (Ed.), Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality, Vol. II. (pp. 13-26). Boulder, CO: Praeger.

Mayhead, M. A., Marshall, B. D.(2005). Women's political discourse: A 21st-century perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.

Mayhead, M. A., & Marshall, B. D. (2000). Re-visioning and re-framing political boundaries: Barbara Roberts' response to Oregon's budget crisis. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 83-98). Westport, CT: Praeger.

McCain, T. A., & Koch, N. S. (1985). Gender differences in political communication. In K. R. Sanders, L. L. Kaid, & D. Nimmo (Eds.), Political Communication Yearbook - 1984 (pp. 183-210). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

McCormick, K., & Williams, L. (1994). Gender gap a major factor in a majority of races in 1994. Center for the American Women in Politics News and Notes, 10, 7-15.

McDermott, M. J. (1997). Voting cues in low-information elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary U.S. elections. American Journal of political Science, 41, 270-283.

McKinney, M. S., Rill, L. A., & Watson, R. (2011). Who framed Sarah Palin? Viewer reactions to the 2008 Vice Presidential debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 55, 212-231.

McLean, J. E. (2003). Campaign strategy. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 53-71). New York: Oxford University Press.

Merron, J., & Gaddy, G. D. (1986). Editorial endorsements and news play: Bias in coverage of Ferraro's finances. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 127-137.

Mezey, S. G. (1994). Increasing the number of women in office: Does it matter? In E. A. Cook,, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 255-270). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Miller, G. (2001). Newspaper coverage and gender: An analysis of the 1996 Illinois state legislative house district races. Women and Politics, 22, 83-100.

Miller, J. L. (1996). Dynamics of political advertisements, news coverage, and candidate gender: A content analysis of the campaign messages of the 1990 and 1994 California and Texas Gubernatorial elections. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma.

Miller, S. (1997). The woven gender: Made for a woman, but stronger for a man. Southern Communication Journal, 62, 217-228. (George Bush, Jr. vs. Ann Richards, Gov., TX)

Mills, K. (1997). What difference do women journalists make? In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 41-55). New York, Oxford University Press.

Morse, M., Morhier, D., & Almeida, C. (1990). 1990 elections--year of wins for women. Women's Political Times, 15, 3-6.

Motion, J. (1999). Politics as destiny, duty, and devotion. Political Communication, 16, 61-76.

Muir, J. K, & Benitez, L. M. (1996). Redefining the role of the first lady: The rhetorical style of Hillary Rodham Clinton. In R. E. Denton, and R. L. Holloway (Eds.). The Clinton presidency: Images, issues, and communication strategies (pp. 139-158) . Westport, CT: Praeger.

Muir, J. K., & Mooney, M. (2004). Nancy Reagan. In M. M. Wertheimer (Ed.) Inventing a voice (365-386). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

National Women's Political Caucus (1984). Women as candidates in the 1984 congressional elections: A post election survey of five congressional districts. Alexandria, VA: Cooper and Secrest Associates.

Newman, J. (1994). Perception and reality: A study comparing the success of men and women candidates. Washington, DC: National Women’s Political Caucus.

Newman, B. L., & Sheth, J. N. (1984). The "gender gap" in voter attitudes and behavior: Some advertising implications. Journal of Advertising, 13, 4-16.

Niven, D., & Zilber, J. (2001). Do women and men in congress cultivate different images? Evidence from congressional web sites. Political Communication, 18, 395-405.

Norrander, B., Bibliography: Gender Gap and Women in Electoral Politics, http://www.u.arizona.edu/~norrande/GGLIST-1.htm

Norrander, B. (1999). The evolution of the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 566-576.

Norris, P. (2003). The gender gap: Old challenges, new approaches. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 146-170). New York: Oxford University Press.

Norris, P. (1997). Introduction: Women, media, and politics. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 1-18). New York, Oxford University Press.

Norris, P. (1997). Women leaders worldwide: A splash of color in the photo op. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 149-165). New York, Oxford University Press.

Norris, P. (1994). The impact of electoral system on election of women to national legislatures. In M. Githens, P. Norris, & J. Lovenduski (Eds.). Different roles, different voices, New York: Harper Collins.

O'Conner, K, Nye, B, & Van Assendelft, L. (1996). Wives in the White House: The political influence of firs ladies. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 26, 835-853.

Okin, S. M. (1992). Women in western political thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Orum, A. M., Cohen, R. S., Grasmuck, S., & Orum, A. W. (1974). Sex, socialization, and politics. American Sociological Review, 39, 197-209.

Palmer, B, & Simon, D. (2006). Breaking the political glass ceiling: Women and congressoinal elections. New York, NY: Routledge.

Palmer, B., & Simon, D. M. (2005). When women run against women: The hidden influence of female incumbents in elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1956-2002. Politics & Gender, 1, 39-63.

Palmer, B., & Simon, D. (2001). The political glass ceiling: Gender, strategy, and incumbency in U.S. house elections, 1978-1998. Women & Politics, 23, 59-78.

Paolino, P. (1995). Group-salient issues and group representation: Support for women candidates in the 1992 senate elections. American Journal of Political Science, 68, 294-313.

Parry-Giles, S. J. (2001). Political authenticity, television news, and Hillary Rodham Clinton. In R. P, Hart and B. H. Sparrow (Eds.), Politics, discourse, and American society: New agendas (pp. 211-227). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub., Inc.

Parry-Giles, S. J. (2000). Mediating Hillary Rodham Clinton: Television news practices and image-making in the postmodern age. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 17, 205-226.

Parry-Giles, S. J. (1998). Image-based politics, feminism an the consequences of their convergence. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 460--468.

Parry-Giles, S. J., & Blair, D. M. (2002). The rise of the rhetorical First Lady: Politics, gender ideology, and women's voice, 1789-2002. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 5, 565-600.

Parry-Giles, T., & Parry-Giles, S. J. (1997). Political scopophilia, presidential campaigning, and the intimacy of American politics. Communication Studies, 47, 191-205.

Parry-Giles, S. J., & Parry-Giles, T. (1996). Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the "Feminine Style." Communication Monographs, 63, 337-353.

Perkins, S. J., & Smith, G. L. (1994). The gender gap? Male and female reactions to the 1992 presidential debate. In D. B. Carlin and M. S. McKinney (Eds.), The 1992 presidential debates in focus (pp. 175-186). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Phalen, P. F., & Algan, E. (2001). (Ms)taking context for content: Framing the Fourth World Conference on Women. Political Communication, 18, 301-319.

Philpot, T. S., & Walton, H., Jr. (2007). One of our own: Black female candidates and the voters who support them. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 49-62.

Pier, P. M. (2002). He said she said: A functional analysis of differences between male and female political campaign messages. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Pierce, J. B. (2000). Portrait of a "Governor Lady": An examination of Nellie Tayloe Ross's autobiographical political advocacy. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 31-43). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Plutzer, E. & Zipp, J. R. (1996). Identity politics, partisanship, and voting for women candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60. 30-57.

Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (1987). Is the "presidential image" reserved for males? Sex-role stereotypes and the 1984 presidential election. Psychological Reports, 61, 491-495.

Proctor, D. E., Aden, R., & Japp, P. (1998). Gender/issue interaction in political identity making: Nebraska’s women vs. Woman gubernatorial campaign. Central States Speech Journal, 39, 190-203.

Procter, D. E., & Schenck-Hamlin, W. J. (1996). Forms and variations in negative political advertising. Communication Research Reports, 13, 147-156.

Proctor, D. E., Schenck-Hamlin, W., & Haase, K. A. (1994). On the attack: Gender differences in negative political advertising. Women & Politics, 14, 1-22.

Quesinberry, A. A. (2005). First Ladies in waiting: The fight for rhetorical legitmacy on the 2004 campaign trail. In R. Denton (Ed.). The 2004 presidential campaign: A communiction perspective. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.

Ragan, S. L., Bystrom, D. G., Kaid, L. L., & Beck, C. S. (1996). The lynching of language: Gender, politics and power in the Hill-Thomas Hearings. Champaign, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press.

Rajoppi, J. (1993). Women in office: Getting there and staying there. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.

Ramsey, E. M. (2000). Inventing citizens during World War I: Suffrage cartoons in The Woman Citizen. Western Journal of Communication, 64, 113-147.

Randall, V. & Waylen, G. (Eds.) (1998). Gender, politics and the state. Routledge.

Rey, A. G. (2007). Teh rhetorical ritual of citzenship: Women's voting as public performance, 1868-1875. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 93, 1-26.

Richards. R. S. (2011). Cyborgs on the world stage: Hillary Clinton and the rhetorical performances of iron ladies. Feminist Formations, 23, 1-25.

Richardson, R., & Moss, C. (1995). "Just between you and me": "Feminine style" and "feminine coze" in Connie Chung’s interview with the parents of Newt Gingrich. Speaker and Gavel, 32, 26-37.

Rinehart. S. T. (1992). Gender consciousness and politics. New York: Routledge.

Rinehart, S. T., & Perkins, J. (1989). The intersection of gender politics and religious beliefs. Political Behavior, 11, 33-56.

Robertson, T., & Anderson, M. (2004). Gender and politics: Messages by female candidates in political ads in 1998 senatorial and gubernatorial. North Dakota Journal of Speech & Theatre, 17, 1-18.

Robertson, T., Froemling, K., Wells, S., & McCraw, S. (1999). Sex, lives, and videotape: An analysis of gender in campaign advertisements. Communication Quarterly, 47. 333-341.

Robinson, G. & Saint-Jean. A. (1991). Women politicians and their media coverage: A generational analysis. In Women in Canadian politics: Toward equality in representation, K. Megyery (Ed.) Vol. 6 of Research Studies for the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing. Toronto; Dundurn Press.

Rogers, M. B. (1993). Women in electoral politics: A slow steady climb. Social Policy, , 14-22.

Romney, R. & Harrison, B. (1988). Momentum: Women in American Politics Now. New York: Crown Publishers.

Roper Center (1996, Aug.-Sept.). Men, Women, and politics: All the data you've wanted (but could never find). Public perspective: A Roper Center review of public opinion and polling, 7, 8-33.

Rosenberg, S. W., Kahn, S., & Tran, T. (1991). Creating a political image: Shaping appearance and manipulating the vote. Political Behavior,
13, 345-367. [Women candidates]

Rosenthal, C. S. (Ed.), Women transforming Congress. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Rosenwasser, S. M., & Dean, N. G. (1989). Gender role and political office: Effects of perceived masculinity/femininity of candidate and political office. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 77-85.

Rosenwasser, S. M., Rogers, R. ., Fling, S., Silvers-Pickens, K. (1987). Attitudes toward women and men in politics: Perceived male and female candidate competencies and participant personalities characteristics. Political Psychology, 8, 191-200.

Rosenwasser, S. M., & Seale, J. (1988). Attitudes toward a hypothetical male or female candidate-a research note. Political Psychology, 9, 591-598.

Ross, K., & Sreberny, A. (2000). Women in the house. In A. Sreberny and L. Zoonen (Eds.) Gender, poltics, and communication (pp. 79-100). Cresskill: Hampton Press.

Roswell, M. J. (2000). Helping women run and win: Feminist groups, candidate recruitment and training. Women and Politics, 21, 101-116.

Rozell, M. J., & Wilcox, C. (1998). A GOP gender gap? Motivations, policy, and candidate choice. Women & Politics, 19, 91-106.

Rule, W. & Zimmerman, J. F. (1992). United States electoral system: Their impact on Women and Minorities. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishers.

Ryan. M. P. (1992). Gender and public access: Women's politics in nineteenth-century America. In C. Calhoun (Ed.). Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 143-163). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Sackett, V. (1984). Color me political: Changing fashions in women's magazines. Public Opinion, 7, 12-15, 46-47.

Saad, L. (2000, May). Big gender gap distinguishes election 2000. The Gallup Poll Monthly, 14-17.

Saint-German, M. A. (1989). Does their difference made a difference? The impact of women on public policy in the Arizona legislature. Social Science Quarterly, 956-968.

Sanbonmatsu, L (2006). State elections: Where do women run? Where do women win? Bystrom, D. (2006). Advertising, web sites, and media coverage: Gender and communication along the campaign trail. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 189-214). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sheckels, T., Gutgold, N. D., & Carlin, D. B. (2012). Gender and the American presidency. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Shapiro R. Y., & Anderson, K. (1979). Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends from the 1960s to the 1980s. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 42-61.

Sapiro, V. (1981). When are interests interesting? The problem of political representation of women. American Political Science Review, 73, 701-716.

Sapiro, V. (1982). If U. S. Senator Baker were a woman: An experimental study of candidate images. Political Psychology, 61-83.

Sapiro, V. (1983). The political integration of women: Roles, socialization, and politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Sapiro, V. (1993).The political uses of symbolic women: An essay in honor of Murray Edelman. Political Communication, 10, 141-154.

Sapiro, V. (1994, April). Gender in the 1992 electorate. Center for the American woman and politics conference, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

Schroedel, J. R., & Snyder, B. (1994). Patty Murray: The mom in tennis shoes goes to the senate. In E. A. Cook,, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 49-70). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Schultz, C., & Pancer, S. M. (1997). Character attacks and their effects on perceptions of male and female political candidates. Political Psychology, 18, 93–102.

Schultz, J. D., Van Assendaeft, L., & Jurian, G. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of women in American politics. Oryx Press.

Shabad, G., & Andersen, K. (1979). Candidate evaluations by men and women. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 18-35.

Shames, S. (2003). The "un-candidates": Gender and outsider signals in women's political advertisements.Women and Politics, 25, 115-147.

Shapiro, R. Y., & Mahajan, H. (1986). Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends from the 1960s to the 1980s. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 42-61.

Sheckels, T. F. (1997). The rhetorical use of double-voiced discourse and feminine style: The U. S. senate debate over the impact of Tailhook ’91 on Admiral Frank B. Kelso II’s retirement rank. Southern Communication Journal, 63, 56-68.

Sheckels, T. F. (1994). Mikulski vs. Chavez for the senate from Maryland in 1986 and the "rules" for attack politics. Communication Quarterly, 42, 311-326.

Sheeler, K. H. (2000). Christine Todd Whitman and the ideology of the New Jersey governorship. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 99-122). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Sheeler, K. H. (2000). Marginalizing metaphors of the feminine. In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.) Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors pp. 15-30). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Sigel, R. (1999, March). Gender and voting behavior in the 1996 Presidential election: An introduction. PS, 32, 5-6.

Sigelman, L., & Welch, S. (1984). Race, gender, and opinion toward Black and female presidential candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, 467-475.

Silver, D. (1986). A comparison of newspaper coverage of male and female officials in Michigan. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 144-149.

Slagell, A. R. (2001). The rhetorical structure of Frances E. Willard's campaign for woman suffrage, 1876-1896. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 4, 1-23.

Smith, E. R. A. N., & Fox, R. L. (2001). The electoral fortunes of women candidates for congress, Political Research Quarterly, 54, 205-221.

Smith, K. B. (1997). When all’s fair: Signs of parity in media coverage of female candidates. Political Communication, 14, 71-82.

Smith, K. B. (1996). Rosalynn Carter. In L. L. Gould (Ed.), American First Ladies: their lives and their legacy (pp. 556-582). New York: Garland Press.

Smith-Howell, D. (1995). Review essay: Gender and political messages. Political Communication, 12, 343-345.

Smooth, W. (2006). African American women and electoral politics: Journeying from the shadows to the spotlight. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox. Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 117-142). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sreberny, A., van Zoonen, L. (Eds.) (2000). Gender, politics and communication. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Sreberny-Mohammadi, A, & Ross, K. (1996). Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politics. Parliamentary Affairs, 49, 103-115.

Stokes, A. Q. (2006). Discrediting Teresa: Wounded by whispers on the web. In A. P. Williams and J. C. Tedesco. The Internet election: Perspectives on the web in campaign 2004 (pp. 169-185). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.

Stokes, A. Q. (2005). First ladies in waiting: The fight for rhetorical legitimacy on the 2004 campaign trail. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The 2004 presidential campaign: A communication perspective (pp. 167-194). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub.

Stokes, A. Q. (2005). Teresa would be an unacceptable first lady: Internet whispering campaigns in a close election. In A. P. Williams, and J. C. Tedesco (Eds.) The Internet election: Perspectives on the web in campaign 2004. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.

Sulfaro, V. A. (2007). Affective evaluations of first ladies: A comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush, Presidential Studies Quarterly 37, 486–514.

Sullivan, D. B. (1998). Images of a breakthrough woman candidate: Dianne Feinstein's 1990, 1992, and 1994 campaign television advertisements. Women's Studies in Communication, 21, 6-26.

Sullivan, P. A. (1993). Women’s discourse and political communication: A case study of congressperson Patricia Schroeder. Western Journal of Communication, 57, 530-545.

Sullivan, P. A. (1989). The 1984 vice-presidential debate: A case study of female and male framing in political campaigns. Communication Quarterly, 37, 329-343.

Sullivan, P. A., & Turner, L. H. (1996). From the margins to the center: Contemporary women and political communication. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Swer, M. L. (1998). Are congresswomen more likely to vote for women's issues bills than their male colleagues? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23, 435-448.

Theodore, A. (2002). "A right to Speak on the subject": The U.S. women's antiremoval petition campaign, 1829-1931. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 5, 601-624.

There's room at the top: Woman, power & campaigns. Campaigns and Elections, 8, 16+.

Thomas, S. (2003). The impact of women in political leadership positions. In S. J. Carroll, (Ed.), Women and American politics: New questions, new directions (pp. 89-110). New York: Oxford University Press.

Thomas, S. (1997). Why gender matters: the perceptions of women officeholders. Women and Politics, 17, 27-53.

Thomas, S. (1994). How women legislate. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thomas, S, & Wilcox, C. (Eds.) (1998). Women and elective office: Past, present, and future. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tolleson-Rinehard, S. (1994). The California senate races: A case study in the gendered paradoxes of politics. In E. A. Cook,, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 25-48). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Tolleson-Rinehard, S. (1992). Gender consciousness and politics. New York: Routledge.

Trafton, B. M. (1984). Women winning: How to run for office. Boston: Harvard Common Press.

Trent, J. S., & Sabourin, T. (1993). Sex still counts: Women’s use of televised advertising during the decade of the 80s. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 21-40.

Trent, J. S., Schmisseur, A. M., & Gauder, G. E. (2000). Debate strategies then and now: A comparative analysis of two women candidates. T. A. Hollihan (Ed.), Argument at century's end: Reflecting on the past and envisioning the future (pp. 411-418). Annandale, VA: National Communication Association. [Ferraro & Dole]

Trevor, M. C. (1999). Political socialization, party identification, and gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 62-89.

Uhlaner, C. J., & Schlozman, K. L. (1986). Candidate gender and congressional campaign receipts. The Journal of Politics, 48, 30-50.

Valentino, N. A. (1999). Crime news and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 293-320.

Van Zoonen, L. (1998). "Finally, I have my mother back": Politicians and their families in popular culture. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3, 48-64.

Vavrus, M. (1998). Working the Senate from the outside in: The mediate construction of a feminist political campaign. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 213-235.

Vercellotti, T. (2004). Bowling with Erskine and down home with Dole: Re-packaging the candidates in the 2002 senate race in North Carolina. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 189-213). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Wadsworth, A. J., Patterson, R., Cullers, G., Malcomb, D., Lamirand, L., and Kaid, L. L. (1987). "Masculine" vs. "feminine" strategies in political ads: Implications for female candidates. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 15, 77-94.

Walkosz, B. J. (1966), A micro level analysis of communication strategies utilized in the television advertisements of male and female candidates. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arizona).

Watson, R. P., & Eksterowicz (Eds.) (2003). The presidential companion: Readings on the First Ladies. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Weaver, D. (1997). Women as journalists. In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 21-40). New York, Oxford University Press.

Welch, S. (1977). Women as political animals? A test of some explanations for male-female political participation differences. American Journal of Political Science, 21, 711-730.

Welch, S., Ambrosius, M. M., Clark, J., & Darcy, R. (1985). The effect of candidate gender on electoral outcome in state legislative races. Western Political Quarterly, 38, 464-475.

Welch, S., & Donley T. (1998). The effects of candidate gender on voting for loco office in England. British Journal of Political Science, 18, 273-286.

Wertheimer, M. M. (2004). 'First Ladies' fundamental rhetorical choices. In M. M. Wertheimer (Ed.) Inventing a voice (1-16). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Wertheimer, M. M. (Ed.) (2004). Inventing a voice: The rhetoric of selected American first ladies of the twentieth century. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Wertheimer, M. M. (Ed.) (2004). Leading ladies of the White House: Communication strategies of some of the Twentieth Century's most notable first Ladies. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Wertheimer, M. M., & Gutgold, N. D. (2004). Elizabeth Hanford Dole Speaking from the Heart. Westport, CT: Praeger.

White, A. B. (1994). Inequality in symbolism: Cultural barriers to female candidates in political advertising. New Political Science, 28/29, 53-70.

Wicker, M. L., Jewell, M., & Duke, L. L. (1996). Women in congress. In L. Lovelace Duke (Ed.), Women in politics: outsiders or insiders? (pp. 35-46.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Wilcox, C. (1994). Why was 1992 the "Year of the Woman"? Explaining women's gains in 1992. In E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.). The Year of the Woman: Myths and realities (pp. 1-24). Boulder: Westview Press.

Williams, B. (9179). Breakthrough: Women in politics. New York: Walker and Co.

Williams, L. (1998). Voter reactions to women candidates. In S. Thomas and C. Wilcox (Eds.), Women and elective office: Past, present, and future.

Williams, W. (1994). Political advertising in the "year of the woman": Did X mark the spot? In E. A. Cook, S. Thomas, & C. Wilcox (Eds.) The year of the woman; Myths and Realities (pp. 197-215). Boulder, CO: Westwood Press.

Winfield, B. H. (1997). The first lady, political power, and the media: Who elected her anyway? In P. Norris (Ed). Women, media, and politics (pp. 166-179). New York, Oxford University Press.

Winfield, B. H. (1997). The making of an image: Hillary Rodham Clinton and American journalists. Political Communication, 14, 241-253.

Winfield, B. H. (1997). Introductory note (A symposium: Hillary Rodham Clinton’s image: Content, control, and cultural politics. Political Communication, 14, 221-224.

Wish, D. (1986). Reinterpreting the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 316-330.

Witt, L., Paget, K. M, & Mathews, G. (1994). Running as a woman: Gender and power in American politics. New York: Free Press.

Yum, J. O., & Kendall, K. E. (1995). Sex differences in political communication during presidential campaigns. Communication Quarterly, 43, 131-141.

Zeldes, G. A., & Fico, F., (2005). R ace and gender: An analysis of sources and reporters in the networks' coverage of the 2000 presidential campaign. Mass Communication & Society, 8, 373-385.

Zgorski, L. (1991). Women candidates a 3:2 favorite. Campaign Magazine, 5, 1, 26.

Zipp, J. F., & Plutzer, E. (1985). Gender differences in voting for female candidates: Evidence from the 1982 election. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, 629-638