NPA
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ㄅ |
ㄔ |
ㄘ |
ㄉ |
ㄈ |
ㄍ |
ㄏ |
ㄐ |
ㄎ |
ㄌ |
ㄇ |
ㄋ |
ㄆ |
ㄑ |
ㄖ |
ㄕ |
ㄙ |
ㄊ |
ㄒ |
ㄓ |
ㄗ |
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(Pinyin + Vowels) |
Pinyin |
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bo |
chi |
ci |
de |
fo |
ge |
he |
ji |
ke |
le |
mo |
ne |
po |
qi |
ri |
shi |
si |
te |
xi |
zhi |
zi |
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IPA
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NPA in Iso- lation: |
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tʂʰʐ |
tsʰz̩ | tsʰɯ |
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ʐ |
ʂʐ |
sz̩ |
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tʂʐ |
dzz̩ |
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ㄚ |
a |
a |
ba |
tʂʰa |
tsʰa |
da |
fa |
ga |
ha |
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kʰa |
la |
ma |
na |
pʰa |
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ʂa |
sa |
tʰa |
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tʂa |
dzɑ |
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ㄞ |
ai |
ai |
bai |
tʂʰai |
tsʰai |
dai |
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gai |
hai |
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kʰai |
lai |
mai |
nai |
pʰai |
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ʂai |
sai |
tʰai |
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tʂai |
dzai |
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ㄢ |
an |
ɑn |
bɑn |
tʂʰɑn |
tsʰɑn |
dɑn |
fɑn |
gɑn |
hɑn |
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kʰɑn |
lɑn |
mɑn |
nɑn |
pʰɑn |
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ɹɑn |
ʂɑn |
sɑn |
tʰɑn |
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tʂɑn |
dzɑn |
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ㄤ |
ang |
ɑŋ |
bɑŋ |
tʂʰɑŋ |
tsʰɑŋ |
dɑŋ |
fɑŋ |
gɑŋ |
hɑŋ |
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kʰɑŋ |
lɑŋ |
mɑŋ |
nɑŋ |
pʰɑŋ |
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ɹɑŋ |
ʂɑŋ |
sɑŋ |
tʰɑŋ |
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tʂɑŋ |
dzɑŋ |
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ㄠ |
ao |
au|ɑʊ |
bɑʊ |
tʂʰɑʊ |
tsʰɑʊ |
dɑʊ |
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gɑʊ |
hɑʊ |
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kʰɑʊ |
lɑʊ |
mɑʊ |
nɑʊ |
pʰɑʊ |
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ɹɑʊ |
ʂɑʊ |
sɑʊ |
tʰɑʊ |
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tʂɑʊ |
dzɑʊ |
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ㄜ |
e |
ɜ | ə |
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tʂʰə |
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də |
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gə |
hə |
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kʰə |
lə |
mə |
nə |
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ɹə |
ʂə |
sə |
tʰə |
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tʂə |
dzə |
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ㄝ |
ê |
ε |
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nε |
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ㄟ |
ei |
ei |
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dei |
fei |
gei |
hei |
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kʰei |
lei |
mei |
nei |
pʰei |
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ʂei |
sei |
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tʂei |
dzei |
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ㄣ |
en |
ən |
bən |
tʂʰən |
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dən |
fən |
gən |
hən |
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kʰən |
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mən |
nən |
pʰən |
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ɹən |
ʂən |
sən |
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tʂən |
dzən |
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ㄥ |
eng |
əŋ |
bəŋ |
tʂʰəŋ |
tsʰəŋ |
dəŋ |
fəŋ |
gəŋ |
həŋ |
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kʰəŋ |
ləŋ |
məŋ |
nəŋ |
pʰəŋ |
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ɹəŋ |
ʂəŋ |
səŋ |
tʰəŋ |
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tʂəŋ |
dzəŋ |
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ㄦ |
-er |
ɚ |
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ㄛ |
o |
ɔ |
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tsʰɔ |
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fɔ |
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lɔ |
mɔ |
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pʰɔ |
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ㄡ |
-ou |
ɔu |
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tʂʰɔu |
tsʰɔu |
dɔu |
fɔu |
gɔu |
hɔu |
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kʰɔu |
lɔu |
mɔu |
nɔu |
pʰɔu |
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ɹɔu |
ʂɔu |
sɔu |
tʰɔu |
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tʂɔu |
dzɔu |
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ㄧ |
yi |
i |
bi |
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di |
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li |
mi |
ni |
pʰi |
tɕʰi |
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tʰi |
ɕi |
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| ㄧㄚ | Ya | ja | |||||||||||||||||||||
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ㄧㄚ |
ya |
ia |
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lia |
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nia |
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tɕʰia |
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ɕia |
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ㄧㄢ |
Yan |
jɛn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄧㄢ |
-ian |
iɛn |
biɛn |
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diɛn |
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liɛn |
miɛn |
niɛn |
pʰiɛn |
tɕʰiɛn |
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tʰiɛn |
ɕiɛn |
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ㄧㄤ |
Yang |
jaŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄧㄤ |
-iang |
iaŋ |
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diaŋ |
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liaŋ |
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niaŋ |
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tɕʰiaŋ |
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ɕiaŋ |
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ㄧㄠ |
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jɑu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄧㄠ |
-iao |
iau | iao |
biau |
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diau |
fiau |
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liau |
miau |
niau |
pʰiau |
tɕʰiau |
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tʰiau |
ɕiau |
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ㄧㄝ |
Ye |
jɛ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄧㄝ |
-ie |
iɛ |
biɛ |
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diɛ |
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liɛ |
miɛ |
niɛ |
pʰiɛ |
tɕʰiɛ |
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tʰiɛ |
ɕiɛ |
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ㄧㄣ |
yin |
in | ɪn |
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lɪn |
mɪn |
nɪn |
pʰɪn |
tɕʰɪn |
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ɕɪn |
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ㄧㄥ |
ying |
i ŋ | ɪŋ |
bɪŋ |
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dɪŋ |
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lɪŋ |
mɪŋ |
nɪŋ |
pʰɪŋ |
tɕʰɪŋ |
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tʰɪŋ |
ɕɪŋ |
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ㄧㄡ |
You |
jɔu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄧㄡ |
-iu |
iɔu | iu |
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diu |
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liɔu |
miɔu |
niɔu |
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tɕʰiɔu |
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ɕiɔu |
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ㄨㄚ |
Wa |
wɑ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄚ |
-ua |
ua | uɑ |
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tʂʰua |
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gua |
hua |
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kʰua |
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ʂua |
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tʂua |
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ㄨㄥ |
Weng |
wʌŋ |
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ㄨㄥ |
-ong |
ʊŋ |
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tʂʰʊŋ |
tsʰʊŋ |
dʊŋ |
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gʊŋ |
hʊŋ |
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kʰʊŋ |
lʊŋ |
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nʊŋ |
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ʂʊŋ |
sʊŋ |
tʰʊŋ |
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tʂʊŋ |
dzʊŋ |
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ㄨ |
Wu |
wu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨ |
-u |
u |
bu |
tʂʰu |
tsʰu |
du |
fu |
gu |
hu |
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kʰu |
lu |
mu |
nu |
pʰu |
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ɹu |
ʂu |
su |
tʰu |
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tʂu |
dzu |
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ㄨㄞ |
Wai |
wai |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄞ |
-uai |
uai |
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tʂʰuai |
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guai |
huai |
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kʰuai |
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ʂuai |
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tʂuai |
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ㄨㄢ |
Wan |
wan |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄢ |
-uan |
uan |
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tʂʰuan |
tsʰuan |
duan |
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guan |
huan |
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kʰuan |
luan |
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nuan |
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ɹuan |
ʂuan |
suan |
tʰuan |
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tʂuan |
dzuan |
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ㄨㄤ |
Wang |
waŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄤ |
-uang |
uaŋ |
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tʂʰuaŋ |
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guaŋ |
huaŋ |
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kʰuaŋ |
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ʂuaŋ |
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tʂuaŋ |
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ㄨㄟ |
Wei |
wei |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄟ |
-u(e)i |
uei |
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tʂʰuei |
tsʰuei |
duei |
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guei |
huei |
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kʰuei |
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ɹuei |
ʂuei |
suei |
tʰuei |
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tʂuei |
dzuei |
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ㄨㄣ |
Wen |
wən |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄣ |
-un |
ʊn |
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tʂʰʊn |
tsʰʊn |
dʊn |
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gʊn |
xʊn |
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kʰʊn |
lʊn |
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nʊn |
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ɹʊn |
ʂʊn |
sʊn |
tʰʊn |
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tʂʊn |
dzʊn |
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ㄨㄛ |
Wo |
wɔ |
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ㄨㄛ |
-uo |
uɔ |
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tʂʰuɔ |
tsʰuɔ |
duɔ |
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guɔ |
xuɔ |
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kʰuɔ |
luɔ |
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nuɔ |
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ɹuɔ |
ʂuɔ |
suɔ |
tʰuɔ |
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tʂuɔ |
dzuɔ |
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ㄩㄥ |
Yong |
jʊŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄩㄥ |
-iong |
iʊŋ |
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tɕʰiyŋ |
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ɕiyŋ |
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ㄩ |
yu |
y |
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ly |
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ny |
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tɕʰy |
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ɕy |
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ㄩㄢ |
Yuan |
ɥan | ɥɛn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄩㄢ |
-uan |
yan | yɛn |
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lyɛn |
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tɕʰyɛn |
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ɕyɛn |
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ㄩㄝ |
Yue |
ɥɛ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄩㄝ |
-ue |
yɛ |
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lyɛ |
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nyɛ |
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tɕʰyɛ |
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ɕyɛ |
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ㄩㄣ |
Yun |
ɥn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ㄩㄣ |
-un |
yn |
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lyn |
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tɕʰyn |
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ɕyn |
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The symbols "ɹ" and "ʐ"are alternative ways of recording the same basic sound. Capitalized pinyin spellings indicate the sound noted without any preceding consonant. (In some cases words beginning with vowel letters are consonantized.) Underlined letters such as "g" are voiceless. In proper IPA symbols they would be written with a small circle below (or above in the case of "g").
Vowels have been added to the pinyin romanizations in the second row because the NPA symbols for consonants are read with following vowel sounds (just as "B" in English is read as "bee"). The recorded sounds read the NPA symbols, i.e., they supply the appropriate vowels.
The "consonantized" vowel sounds (e.g., the capitalized pinyin vs. the uncapitalized pinyin, Yong is "consonantized," but "-iong" is not) are made with a very tight constriction of the air path at the start of the syllable. In English it would be the difference between "Woo" and "oops."
Examples of words commonly mispronounced:
"Shih Tzu" (Wade-Giles romanization) is ʂʐ dzz̩ (Click to hear this word.)
"Beijing" (Pinyin romanization) is
Good IPA sound clips are available on-line.
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