| PUBLICATIONS |
(links to PDFs underlined) 2017 Enquist, B. J., L. P. Bentley, A. Shenkin, B. Maitner, V. Savage, S. Michaletz, B. Blonder, V. Buzzard, T. E. B. Espinoza, W. Farfan-Rios, M. R. Silman, and others. 2017. Assessing trait-based scaling theory in tropical forests spanning a broad temperature gradient. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26:1357–1373. Fyllas, N. M., L. P. Bentley, A. Shenkin, G. P. Asner, O. K. Atkin, S. Díaz, B. J. Enquist, W. Farfan-Rios, E. Gloor, R. Guerrieri, M. R. Silman, and others. 2017. Solar radiation and functional traits explain the decline of forest primary productivity along a tropical elevation gradient. Ecology Letters 20:730–740. Levis, C., F. R. Costa, F. Bongers, M. Peña-Claros, C. R. Clement, A. B. Junqueira, E. G. Neves, E. K. Tamanaha, F. O. Figueiredo, R. P. Salomão, M. R. Silman, and others. 2017. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 355:925–931. Malhi, Y., C. A. Girardin, G. R. Goldsmith, C. E. Doughty, N. Salinas, D. B. Metcalfe, W. Huaraca Huasco, J. E. Silva-Espejo, J. Aguilla-Pasquell, F. Farfán Amézquita, M. R. Silman, and others. 2017. The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. New Phytologist 214:1019–1032. Schiferl, J. D., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, and D. H. Urrego. 2017. Vegetation responses to late Holocene climate changes in an Andean forest. Quaternary Research:1–15.
2016 Clark, K., A. West, R. Hilton, G. Asner, C. Quesada, M. Silman, S. Saatchi, W. Farfan-Rios, R. Martin, and A. Horwath. 2016. Storm-triggered landslides in the Peruvian Andes and implications for topography, carbon cycles, and biodiversity. Earth Surface Dynamics 4:47. Feeley, K. J., and M. R. Silman. 2016. Disappearing climates will limit the efficacy of Amazonian protected areas. Diversity and Distributions 22:1081-1084. Malhi, Y., C. Girardin, G. Goldsmith, C. Doughty, N. Salinas, D. Metcalfe, W. Huaraca Huasco, J. Silva-Especjo, J. del Aguilla-Pasquell, M. R. Silman and F. Farfan Amezquita. 2016. The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. New Phytologist. Messinger, M., G. P. Asner, and M. Silman. 2016. Rapid Assessments of Amazon Forest Structure and Biomass Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. Remote Sensing 8:615. Messinger, M., and M. Silman. 2016. Unmanned aerial vehicles for the assessment and monitoring of environmental contamination: An example from coal ash spills. Environmental Pollution 218:889-894. Nottingham, A., N. Fierer, B. Turner, J. Whitaker, N. Ostle, N. McNamara, R. Bardgett, J. Leff, N. Salinas, M. Silman and A. Ccahuana. 2016. Temperature drives plant and soil microbial diversity patterns across an elevation gradient from the Andes to the Amazon. bioRxiv:079996.
2015 Báez, S., A. Malizia, J. Carilla, C. Blundo, M. Aguilar, N. Aguirre, Z. Aquirre, E. Álvarez, F. Cuesta, Á. Duque…M Silman, K. Feeley. 2015. Large-Scale Patterns of Turnover and Basal Area Change in Andean Forests. PLoS ONE DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126594 Bush, M. B., A. M. Alfonso-Reynolds, D. H. Urrego, B. G. Valencia, Y. A. Correa-Metrio, M. Zimmermann, and M. R. Silman. 2015. Fire and climate: contrasting pressures on tropical Andean timberline species. Journal of Biogeography 42:938-950. Bush, M. B., C. H. McMichael, D. R. Piperno, M. R. Silman, J. Barlow, C. A. Peres, M. Power, and M. W. Palace. 2015. Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre-history: An ecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography 42:2277-2288. Clark, K., A. West, R. Hilton, G. Asner, C. Quesada, M. Silman, S. Saatchi, W. Farfan-Rios, R. Martin, and A. Horwath. 2015. Storm-triggered landslides in the Peruvian Andes and implications for topography, carbon cycles, and biodiversity. Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3:631-688. Farfan-Rios, W., K. Garcia-Cabrera, N. Salinas, M. N. Raurau-Quisiyupanqui, and M. R. Silman. 2015. Lista anotada de árboles y afines en los bosques montanos del sureste peruano: la importancia de seguir recolectando. Revista Peruana de Biología 22:145-174. Feeley, K. J., M. R. Silman, and A. Duque. 2015. Where are the tropical plants? A call for better inclusion of tropical plants in studies investigating and predicting the effects of climate change. Frontiers of Biogeography 7. Honorio Coronado, E. N., K. G. Dexter, R. T. Pennington, J. Chave, S. L. Lewis, M. N. Alexiades, E. Alvarez, A. Alves de Oliveira, I. L. Amaral, and A. Araujo-Murakami…M. Silman 2015. Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. Diversity and Distributions 21:1295-1307. Ter Steege, H., N. C. Pitman, T. J. Killeen, W. F. Laurance, C. A. Peres, J. E. Guevara, R. P. Salomão, C. V. Castilho, I. L. Amaral, et al. 2015. Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species. Science Advances 1:e1500936.
2014 McMichael, C. H., M. W. Palace, M. B. Bush, B. Braswell, S. Hagen, E. G. Neves, M. R. Silman, E. K. Tamanaha, and C. Czarnecki. 2014. Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20132475.
Girardin, C. A. J., W. Farfan Rios, K. Garcia, K. J. Feeley, P. M. Jorgensen, A. A. Murakami, L. Cayola Perez, R. Seidel, N. Paniagua, A. F. Fuentes Claros, and M. R. Silman. 2014. Spatial patterns of above-ground structure, biomass and composition in a network of six Andean elevation transects. Plant Ecology & Diversity: 1-11. Gurdak, D. J., L. E. O. C. Aragao, A. Rozas-Da¡vila, W. H. Huasco, K. G. Cabrera, C. E. Doughty, W. Farfan-Rios, J. E. Silva-Espejo, D. B. Metcalfe, and M. R. Silman. 2014. Assessing above-ground woody debris dynamics along a gradient of elevation in Amazonian cloud forests in Peru: balancing above-ground inputs and respiration outputs. Plant Ecology & Diversity: 1-18.
2013 Lutz, D., R. Powell, and M. Silman. 2013. Four decades of Andean timberline migration and implications for biodiversity loss with climate change. PLoS One. Feeley, K. J., J. Hurtado, S. Saatchi, M. R. Silman, and D. B. Clark. 2013. Compositional shifts in Costa Rican forests due to climate driven species migrations. Global Change Biology 19:3472–3480 Lutz, D. A., R. L. Powell, and M. R. Silman. 2013. Four Decades of Andean Timberline Migration and Implications for Biodiversity Loss with Climate Change. PLoS One 8: e74496. McMichael, C. H., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, D. R. Piperno, M. Raczka, L. C. Lobato, M. Zimmerman, S. Hagen, and M. Palace. 2013. Historical fire and bamboo dynamics in western Amazonia. Journal of Biogeography 40: 299-309. Pitman, N. C. A., M. R. Silman, and J. W. Terborgh. 2013. Oligarchies in Amazonian tree communities: a ten year review. Ecography 36: 114-123. ter Steege, H., N. C. A. Pitman, D. Sabatier, C. Baraloto, R. P. Salomao, J. E. Guevara, O. L. Phillips, C. V. Castilho, W. E. Magnusson, and J.-F. o. Molino, et al. 2013. Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science 342: 1243092. 2012 Feeley, K. J., Y. Malhi, P. Zelazowski, and M. R. Silman. 2012. The
relative importance of deforestation, precipitation change, and
temperature sensitivity in determining the future distributions and
diversity of Amazonian plant species. Global Change Biology.
Jankowski, J. E., C. L. Merkord, W. F. Rios, K. G. Cabrera, N. S. Revilla, and M. R. Silman. 2012. The relationship of tropical bird communities to tree species composition and vegetation structure along an Andean elevational gradient. Journal of Biogeography. McMichael, C. H., M. B. Bush, D. R. Piperno, M. R. Silman, A. R. Zimmerman, and C. Anderson. 2012. Spatial and temporal scales of pre-Columbian disturbance associated with western Amazonian lakes. The Holocene 22:131-141. McMichael, C. H., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, D. R. Piperno, M. Raczka, L. C. Lobato, M. Zimmerman, S. Hagen, and M. Palace. 2012. Historical fire and bamboo dynamics in western Amazonia. Journal of Biogeography. McMichael, C. H., D. R. Piperno, M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, A. R. Zimmerman, M. F. Raczka, and L. C. Lobato. 2012. Sparse Pre-Columbian Human Habitation in Western Amazonia. Science 336:1429-1431. Rapp, J. M. and M. R. Silman. 2012. Diurnal, seasonal, and altitudinal trends in microclimate across a tropical montane cloud forest. Climate Research 55:17-+. Rapp, J. M., M. R. Silman, J. S. Clark, C. A. J. Girardin, D. Galiano, and R. Tito. 2012. Intra- and interspecific tree growth across a long altitudinal gradient in the Peruvian Andes. Ecology 93:2061-2072. Urrego, D. H., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, B. A. Niccum, P. La Rosa, C. H. McMichael, S. Hagen, and M. Palace. 2012. Holocene fires, forest stability and human occupation in south-western Amazonia. Journal of Biogeography. 2011 Farfan Rios, W. 2011. Changes in forest dynamics along a 2.5 km
elevation gradient on the southeastern flank of the Peruvian Andes. M.
Sc. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem. Feeley, K. J. and M. R. Silman. 2011. Keep collecting: accurate species distribution modelling requires more collections than previously thought. Diversity and Distributions 17:1132-1140. Feeley, K. J. and M. R. Silman. 2011. The data void in modeling current and future distributions of tropical species. Global Change Biology 17:626-630. Feeley, K. J., M. R. Silman, M. B. Bush, W. Farfan, K. G. Cabrera, Y. Malhi, P. Meir, N. S. Revilla, M. N. R. Quisiyupanqui, and S. Saatchi. 2011. Upslope migration of Andean trees. Journal of Biogeography 38:783-791. Fierer, N., C. M. McCain, P. Meir, M. Zimmermann, J. M. Rapp, M. R. Silman, and R. Knight. 2011. Microbes do not follow the elevational diversity patterns of plants and animals. Ecology 92:797-804. Garcia, K. C. 2011. Spatial variation in tree species composition in Neotropical montane forest communities. Master's. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. McMichael, C. H., M. B. Bush, D. R. Piperno, M. R. Silman, A. R. Zimmerman, and C. Anderson. 2011. Spatial and temporal scales of pre-Columbian disturbance associated with western Amazonian lakes. The Holocene. Roman-Cuesta, R. M., N. Salinas, H. Asbjornsen, I. Oliveras, V. Huaman, Y. Gutierrez, L. Puelles, J. Kala, D. Yabar, M. Rojas, R. Astete, D. Y. Jordan, M. Silman, R. Mosandl, M. Weber, B. Stimm, S. Gunter, T. Knoke, and Y. Malhi. 2011. Implications of fires on carbon budgets in Andean cloud montane forest: The importance of peat soils and tree resprouting. Forest Ecology and Management 261:1987-1997. Salinas, N., Y. Malhi, P. Meir, M. Silman, R. R. Cuesta, J. Huaman, D. Salinas, V. Huaman, A. Gibaja, M. Mamani, and F. Farfan. 2011. The sensitivity of tropical leaf litter decomposition to temperature: results from a large-scale leaf translocation experiment along an elevation gradient in Peruvian forests. New Phytologist 189:967-977. Silman, M. 2011. Plant species diversity in Amazonian forests. Pages 285-314 Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change. Springer. Urrego, D. H., B. A. Niccum, C. F. La Drew, M. R. Silman, and M. B. Bush. 2011. Fire and drought as drivers of early Holocene tree line changes in the Peruvian Andes. Journal of Quaternary Science 26:28-36.
Urrego, D. H., M. R. Silman, A. Correa-Metrio, and M. B. Bush. 2011.
Pollen-vegetation relationships along steep climatic gradients in
western Amazonia. Journal of Vegetation Science 22:795-806.
2010 Mailhi, Y., M. R. Silman, N. Salinas, M. Bush, P. Meir, and S. Saatchi. 2010. Elevation gradients in the tropics: Laboratories for ecosystem ecology and global change research. Global Change Biology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02323.x. Girardin, C.A.L., Gurdak, Daniel; Aragão, Luiz; Rozas-Dávila, Angela; Huasco, Walter; Farfan Rios, William; Girardin, Cécile; Silman, M.R.; Metcalfe, Daniel; Silva-Espejo, J; Salinas Revilla, Norma; Malhi, Yadvinder. 2010. Net primary productivity allocation and cycling of carbon along a tropical forest elevational transect in the Peruvian Andes. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02235.x Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman 2010. The data void in modeling current and future distributions of tropical species. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02239.x Hillyer, R.A. and M.R. Silman. 2010.. Changes in species interactions across a 3 km elevation gradient: effects on plant migration in response to climate change. Global Change Biologydoi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02268.x. Gibbon, A. M.R. Silman, Y. Malhi, J.B. Fisher, P. Meir, M. Zimmermann, G.C. Dargie, W. Farfan R., K. Garcia C. In Press. Ecosystem carbon storage across the grassland-forest transition in the high Andes of Manu National Park, Peru. Ecosystems. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9376-8 Urrego, D., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman. 2010. A long history of cloud and forest migration from Lake Consuelo, Peru. Quaternary Research 73(2):364-373 Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman. 2010. Biotic attrition in the hot tropics accounting for truncated temperature niches. Global Change Biology 16(6):1830–1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02085.x Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman2010. Land-use and climate change effects on population size and extinction risk of Andean plants. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02197.x Meier, C. J. Rapp, R. Bowers, M. R. Silman, and N. Fierer. 2010.Fungal growth on a common wood substrate across a tropical elevation gradient: temperature sensitivity, community composition, and potential for above-ground decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42(7): 1083-1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.03.005 Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman. 2010. Modelled distributions and responses of Andean & Amazonian plant species to climate change: the effects of geo-referencing errors and the importance of data filtering. Journal of Biogeography 37(4):733-740. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02197.x Wyatt, J.L. and M.R. Silman. 2010. Centuries-old logging legacy on spatial and temporal patterns in understory herb communities. Forest Ecology and Management 260:116-124. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.010 Appendix A Valencia, B, D. Urrego, M. R. Silman, and M. Bush. 2010 From ice-age to modern: a record of landscape change in an Andean cloud forest. Journal of Biogeography. 37:1637-1647
2009 Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman. 2009. Extinction rates of Amazonian plant species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106:12382-12387. Urrego, D., M.B Bush, M.R. Silman, Correa-Metrio, A. Ledru, M., Mayle, F. and B. Valencia. 2009. Millennial-scale ecological changes in tropical South America since the Last Glacial Maximum. Pp. 283-300 in Past climate variability in South America and Surrounding Regions: From the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, F. Vimieux, F. Sylvestre, and M. Khodri, eds. Springer. NY. Zimmermann, M, P. Meir, M. R. Silman, and 15 others. 2009. No differences in soil carbon stocks across the tree line in the Peruvian Andes. Ecosystems DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9300-2, Print 13(1):62-74 2008 Bush, M. B., M. R. Silman, C. McMichael, and S. Saatchi. 2008. Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 363: 1795–1802 Feeley, K.J. and M. R. Silman. 2008. Letter: Unrealistic assumptions invalidate extinction estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106:E121 Hillyer, R, B.G. Valencia, M.B. Bush, M.R. Silman, and M. Steinitz-Kannan. 2008. A 24,700-yr paleolimnological history from the Peruvian Andes. Quaternary Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.06.006 Bush, M.B. and Silman, M.R. 2008. Amazonia: A cultural landscape? In "An international Forum on Sustainability", (G. Nelson & I. Hronsky eds.), pp 51-61. Arisztotelész Publishing Co, Budapest. 2007 Silman, M.R. 2006. Plant species diversity in Amazonian forests. ch. 11 in Bush, M. and Flenly, J. eds. Tropical Rain Forest Responses to Climate Change. Praxis Publishing, Springer-Praxis, London. Bush,
M. B., M. R. Silman, M. B. de Toledo C. M. C. S. Listopad W. D.
Gosling, C. Williams, P. E. de Oliveira, C. Krisel. 2007. Holocene fire
and occupation in Amazonia: a spatial perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 362: 209-218. Bush, M. B., M. R. Silman, and C. M. C. S. Listopad. 2007. Climate change and human occupation in Peruvian Amazonia: a paleoecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography. 34 (8): 1342-1356 Bush, M. B., M. R. Silman. 2007. Amazonian exploitation revisited: Ecological asymmetry and the policy pendulum. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 (9): 457-465. 2006 Silman, M. R. and C. Krisel. 2006. Getting to the root of tree neighborhoods: hectare-scale root zones of a Neotropical fig. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 727-730. Wright, I. J., D. D. Ackerly, F. Bongers, K. E. Harms, G. Ibarra-Manriquez, M. Martinez-Ramos, S.J. Mazer, H. C. Muller-Landau, H. Paz, N. C. A. Pitman, L. Poorter, M. R. Silman, C.F.. Vriesendorp, C. O. Webb, M. Westoby, and S. J. Wright. 2006. Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven neotropical forests. Annals of Botany. 99 (5): 1003-1015 Silman, M.R., A. Aruajo Murakami, H. Pariamo, M. Bush, D. Urrego. 2006. Changes in tree community structure at the southern limits of Amazonia: Manu and Madidi. Ecologia en Bolivia 40(3) 443-452 Terborgh, J.,
, K. Feeley, M. R. Silman, P. Núñez and V.B. Balukjian.
2006. Vegetation dynamics of predator-free land-bridge
islands. Journal of Ecology 94: 253-263. 2005 Urrego, D., M. R. Silman, M. B. Bush. 2005. The last glacial maximum: stability and change in an Andean cloud forest. Journal of Quaternary Science. 20: 693–701 Bush, M.B., Hanson, B., Rodbell, D., Seltzer, G.O., Young, K., Leon, B., M.R. Silman, Gosling, W.D. 2005. A 17,000 year history of Andean climatic and vegetation change from Laguna Negra, Peru. Journal of Quaternary Science. 20: 703–714 Johnson, D. M., W. K. Smith and M. R. Silman. 2005. Elevation, CO2, and plant functions characters: comment. Geology. 2004 Bush, M. B. and M. R. Silman. 2004. Observations on Late-Pleistocene cooling and precipitation in the Neotropics. Journal of Quaternary Science 18(7): 677-684. Wyatt, J. L. and M. R. Silman. 2004. Distance-dependence in two Neotropical palms: effects of spatial and temporal variation in seed predator communities. Oecologia 140:26-35. Peters, H., A. Pauw, M. R. Silman, and J. Terborgh. 2004. Falling palm fronds structure tropical rain forest plant communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (Suppl.) 271, S367–S369 *Bush, M.B.,*M. R. Silman, and D. Urrego. 2004. 48,000 years of climate and forest change in a biodiversity hotspot. Science 303:827-829. also, Supporting Online Material. Weng, C., M. B. Bush, and M. R. Silman. 2004. Elevational characteristics of modern pollen rain recorded in moss-polsters and surface sediments in the Rio Manu watershed, Peru. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20:113-124. 2003 Silman, M. R., E. J. Ancaya, and J. Brinson. 2003. Bamboo forests of western Amazonia. In: Alto Purus: Biodiversity, Conservation, and Management. R. Leite, N. Pitman, P. Alvarez eds. Center for Tropical Conservation Press. (Titles appear in Spanish). Baker, P., M. B. Bush, S. Fritz, C. Rigsby, G. O. Seltzer and M. R. Silman. 2003. Last Glacial Maximum in an Andean cloud forest environment (Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia): Comment. Geology. Online Forum: e26. Silman, M. R., J. Terborgh, and R. Kiltie. 2003. Population regulation of a dominant rain forest tree by a major seed predator. Ecology 84(2): 431-438. 2002 Pitman, N. C. A., J. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, P. Núñez V., D. A. Neill, C. E. Cerón, W. A. Palacios, and M. Aulestia. 2002. A Comparison of tree species diversity in two upper Amazonian forests. Ecology 83:3210-3224. Pitman, N.C.A., J. W. Terborgh, P. Núñez V., and M. R. Silman. 2002. Árboles comunes de la selva baja del departamento de Madre de Diós, Perú. In L. O. Rodríguez, ed. Manu. APECO, Lima. Terborgh,
J., Pitman, N. C. A., M. R. Silman, H. Schlichter, P. Núñez V.
2002. Maintenance of diversity in tropical forests. In D.
Levey ed. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal. 2001 Pitman, N. C. A., J. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, P. Núñez V., D. A. Neill, C. E. Cerón, W. A. Palacios, and M. Aulestia. 2001. Dominance and diversity of tree species in upper Amazonian terra firme forests. Ecology, 82(8), 2001, pp. 2101–2117 (W.S. Cooper Award Winner, Ecological Society of America,2002; Lead article in Concepts and Synthesis: Directions for the Future of Ecology) 2000 and prior Pitman, N. C. A., J. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, and P. Nunez. 1999. Tree-species diversity in an upper-Amazonian forest. Ecology 80(8): 2651-2661 (Highlighted by Sugden, A. 2000. Editor’s choice: Highlights of the recent literature. Tropical tree communities. Science 287: 193, and by Ricklefs, R.E. 2000. Rarity and diversity in Amazonian forest trees. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 83-84) Silman, M. R. 1999. Global change and climate change. Pp. 54-60 in Major Scientific and Technological Developments of the Twentieth Century. Wake Forest University Press, Winston-Salem. Clark,
J., M. R. Silman, R. Kern, E. Macklin, J. HilleRisLambers. 1999.
Seed dispersal near and far: Patterns across temperate and
tropical forests. Ecology 80(5): 1475–1494. Silman, M. R. 1998. Making Arks that won't float? Trends in Plant Science 3(2): 74-75. Silman,
M. R. 1996. Long-term ecological research in Peru. in:
Proceedings of the 2nd Latin American International Long-Term
Ecological Research Workshop. NSF, Washington. Silman, M. R. 1996. Regeneration from seed in a Neotropical rain forest. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC. |