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Hi Jurriaan,
With reference to your questions:
>I have not studied this argument by Kornai - where does he make it ?
The references I have in my database are:
Kornai, J., 1985, Contradictions and Dilemmas, Corvina Kiado,
1980, Economics of Shortage, North Holland Amsterdam
1990 Vision and reality, market and state, Routledge, New York
However that's only the tip of the iceberg of the work he did on the
subject. I decided to search Econlit for the whole kaboodle, and found out
in the process that he has recently died. Partly in tribute to a
significant progressive intellectual, I have reproduced all his references
on this topic at the bottom of this message. The key early papers were
written as long ago as 1976.
>Innovation is a big subject I suppose, and we should get down to specifics.
>I would argue that some types of "innovation" are simply not desirable to
>have in a socialist economy. That is to say, "last years model" may be
>perfectly okay to use this year, and the next. Do we really need e.g. 50
>different kinds of washing powder or 500 different types of cars ? Would it
>not suffice and be more efficient to produce maybe 10 types of good
>reliable washing powders and 100 types of cars of really good quality ? I
>am referring here to senseless product differentiation by the "de facto"
>mechanisms of a capitalist economy which masquerades as "innovation"
>(clothing would perhaps be a different story).
In general, no argument--but there is the issue on which the Austrians
focus that a lot of this is similar to the process of evolution, in which
numerous "random" variations are thrown up and environmental selection
chooses the most well adapted. Of course, there are problems in market
evolution which don't occur as markedly "in the wild"--such as the ability
of the producers of some products to stifle new competitors (the internal
combustion engine versus numerous alternatives). The waste involved is also
substantial (though some is necessary), and the environment is neither
autonomous nor benign. A far better society could be envisaged in which
innovation was encouraged. But Kornai's well-made point is that, without
specific mechanisms to foster innovation, this will tend to be suppressed
in a socialist economy.
<snip>
>A long time ago Ernest Mandel gave some reasons for caution
>in extrapolating general theories from the concrete attempts to build
>socialism:
True. We need at least two research programs: one to point out the ways in
which the failures of previous socialist societies were a product of key
individuals and historical circumstances, and one also to explore whether
there are any general tendencies in such societies which could also explain
what happened, without recourse to historical events. Kornai's work was
devoted to the latter endeavour, and it shouldn't be let to die with him.
The references, with abstracts where they exist (not written by me!), are:
<1>
Accession Number
0470695
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Place of the Soft Budget Constraint Syndrome in Economic Theory.
Source
Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 26 (1). p 11-17. March 1998.
Abstract
The concept of the budget constraint, previously applied mainly to household
decisions, was extended to enterprises and other organizations initially by
Kornai for socialist economies. The more general phenomenon
usually includes rent seeking although not all rent-seeking behavior is
associated with a soft budget constraint (SBC). Rather, SBC analysis is a
theory of exit, or more precisely, of the demise of organizations. Moreover,
the syndrome cannot be treated as a special case of the theory of regulation
because not all price regulation softens the budget constraint. The SBC can
emerge in nonregulated spheres, especially when financial interactions take
place in vertical relationships between superiors and subordinates rather
than in horizontal market conditions. (c) 1998 Academic Press
<2>
Accession Number
0469862
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Struggle and hope: Essays on stabilization and reform in a post-socialist
economy.
Source
Studies in Comparative Economic Systems. Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton,
Mass.: Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution
Corporation, Williston, Vt. p xiv, 290. 1997.
Abstract
Eight previously published papers, which first appeared between 1994 and
1996, analyze Hungary's economic situation and present ideas relevant to the
problems of the postsocialist region as a whole. Papers focus on eliminating
the shortage economy; macroeconomic tensions and government economic policy
in Hungary; an interview of Janos Kornai by
Laszlo Zsolt Szabo on the stabilization program; an analysis of Hungary's
stabilization program; Hungarian development and macrostabilization in a
political-economy perspective; adjustment without recession; an interview of
Kornai by Mihaly Laki on social issues; and the reform of
the welfare system. Kornai is Allie S. Freed Professor of
Economics at Harvard University and Permanent Fellow at the Institute for
Advanced Study, Collegium Budapest. Name and subject indexes.
<3>
Accession Number
0450032
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
The evolutionary transition to capitalism. Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed.,
Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press. p 31-56. 1995.
<4>
Accession Number
0448425
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Postsocialist Transition: An Overall Survey.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 209-28. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.
<5>
Accession Number
0448424
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Transformational Recession: A General Phenomenon Examined through the
Example
of Hungary's Development.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 161-208. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.
<6>
Accession Number
0448423
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Evolution of Financial Discipline under the Postsocialist System.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 141-60. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.
<7>
Accession Number
0448422
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Postsocialist Transition and the State: Reflections in the Light of
Hungarian Fiscal Problems.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 107-39. 1995. Previously Published: 1992.
<8>
Accession Number
0448421
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 79-106. 1995. Previously Published: 1992.
<9>
Accession Number
0448420
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Soviet Union's Road to a Free Economy: Comments of an Outside Observer.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 57-78. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.
<10>
Accession Number
0448419
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Affinity between Ownership Forms and Coordination Mechanisms.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 35-56. 1995. Previously Published: 1990.
<11>
Accession Number
0448418
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Market Socialism Revisited.
Source
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London: MIT
Press. p 1-34. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.
<12>
Accession Number
0445332
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Macropolicies in Transition to a Market Economy: A Three-Year Perspective:
Comment.
Source
Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics,
1994. Bruno, Michael Pleskovic, Boris, eds., Supplement to The World Bank
Economic Review and The World Bank Research Observer. Washington, D.C.:
World Bank. p 49-52. 1995.
<13>
Accession Number
0437644
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Dilemmas of Hungarian Economic Policy.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 47 (3-4). p 227-48. 1995.
Abstract
The article examines the dilemmas of the Hungarian economic policy, placing
it into a wider economic perspective and setting out from the measures
prescribed stabilization program. The author analyses the interrelations
among the three gravely distressing tasks of the post-socialist transition:
improvement of the external balances and domestic financial equilibrium, and
creation of the conditions of sustainable growth. For the moment, a well
perceptible improvement of the external equilibrium is the most urgent task;
the short-term measures have to serve first of all this purpose.
Unfortunately, the package of short-term measures has not yet been embedded
into a convincing medium and 1ong-term reform program. Finally, the article
analyses the political conditions of economic stabilization and emphasizes
the importance of joining the social forces and of self-restraint.
<14>
Accession Number
0434924
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Editorial: Reforming the Welfare State in Postsocialist Societies.
Source
World Development. Vol. 25 (8). p 1183-86. August 1997.
Abstract
The communist system led to a "premature welfare state," with universal
entitlements out of all proportion to the country's resources and the fiscal
capacity of the state. Many citizens suffer heavy losses when the
proportions
are restored. Great progress has been made with the postsocialist
transformation in several fields, but reform of the welfare sector has
lagged
behind--dominant state ownership, bureaucratic centralization and a lack of
competition remain. There are a number of obstacles in the path of reform.
Citizens are unclear about the tax burden imposed by state welfare services.
Damage can be done by populist politicians, who make irresponsible promises
to raise welfare spending while concurrently cutting taxation. Economists
have a duty to make a sober appraisal of the situation and present realistic
alternatives.
<15>
Accession Number
0425721
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Reform of the Welfare State and Public Opinion.
Source
American Economic Review. Vol. 87 (2). p 339-43. May 1997.
<16>
Accession Number
0413854
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Growth and Macroeconomic Disequilibria in Hungary.
Source
Academia Economic Papers. Vol. 24 (1). p 1-44. March 1996.
<17>
Accession Number
0413833
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Transformational Recession: The Hungarian Example.
Source
Academia Economic Papers. Vol. 23 (1). p 1-55. March 1995.
<18>
Accession Number
0422374
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Hardening of the Budget Constraint under the Postsocialist System.
Source
Japan & the World Economy. Vol. 8 (2). p 135-51. June 1996.
Abstract
The article examines how postsocialist society, which has been accustomed to
a soft budget constraint, can learn the financial discipline characteristic
of a market economy. Before there can be financial discipline, a new kind of
long-term "insurance contract" typical of a market economy must emerge
between the state and the firms. The prerequisite for this is the commitment
and credibility of the state, which can only play its part of an
"insurer" on
exceptional occasions and under clearly defined conditions. The new private
firms must be imbued with the demand for financial discipline from the
moment
they are founded: an alteration in the behavior of state-owned
enterprises is
also possible, but not certain. Hungary has moved in the direction of the
new
insurance contract, but practical experience suggests that it will be a long
time before observance of financial discipline becomes incorporated into
enterprise behavior. Both the state and the firms are under a big
temptation
to revert to their habitual behavior. Meanwhile the imposition of financial
discipline poses the bitter dilemma of efficiency versus security. Should
the detrimental consequences of tough financial discipline (economic
recession, unemployment) imperil the institutions of democracy, the author
would recommend a more cautious advance towards reinforcing financial
discipline.
<19>
Accession Number
0377164
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Eliminating the Shortage Economy: A General Analysis and Examination of the
Developments in Hungary: Part 2.
Source
Economics of Transition. Vol. 3 (2). p 149-68. June 1995.
<20>
Accession Number
0392577
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Lasting Growth as the Top Priority: Macroeconomic Tensions and Government
Economic Policy in Hungary.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 47 (1-2). p 1-37. 1995.
Abstract
This study looks at the problems of five macroeconomic tensions: inflation,
unemployment, the budget deficit, the balance-of-payments deficit, and the
decline in production. Although it is quite lengthy, it still does not offer
a full picture, since it does not address a number of important issues
(among
others, the question of monetary policy). Analysing these five
macroeconomic
tensions provides a chance for me to comment on the government's economic
policy. Wherever an economist goes these days, whether in private company or
to a professional discussion, the question is levelled: does he or she agree
with the government's "economic policy package"? I cannot reply to this
question with a categorical yes or no. Readers will come to realize during
the detailed analysis where I consider the announced economic policy
correct,
and where I have reservations, concerns or objections.
<21>
Accession Number
0345219
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Transformational Recession: The Main Causes.
Source
Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 19 (1). p 39-63. August 1994.
<22>
Accession Number
0353605
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Highways and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Source
Cambridge and London: MIT Press. p xv, 241. 1995.
Abstract
Eight previously published essays, written since 1989 and originally
presented as lectures, focus on the search by Hungary and the rest of
Eastern
Europe for a new road to development. Essays discuss market socialism
revisited; the affinity between ownership forms and coordination mechanisms;
the Soviet Union's road to a free economy; the principles of
privatization in
Eastern Europe; reflections on the postsocialist transition and the state in
the light of Hungarian fiscal problems; the evolution of financial
discipline
under the postsocialist system; the general phenomenon of transformational
recession examined through the example of Hungary's development; and an
overall survey of the postsocialist transition. Kornai is
Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Permanent Fellow at the
Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study. Subject and author
indexes.
<23>
Accession Number
0362233
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Eliminating the Shortage Economy: A General Analysis and Examination of the
Developments in Hungary.
Source
Economics of Transition. Vol. 3 (1). p 13-37. March 1995.
<24>
Accession Number
0323014
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Evolution of Financial Discipline under the Postsocialist System.
Source
Kyklos. Vol. 46 (3). p 315-36. 1993.
Abstract
This article examines how postsocialist society can learn the financial
discipline characteristic of a market economy. The prerequisite for this is
the commitment and credibility of the state. The new private firms must be
imbued with the demand for financial discipline from the moment they are
founded; an alteration in the behavior of state-owned enterprises is also
possible but not certain. Both the state and the firms are under a big
temptation to revert to their habitual behavior. Meanwhile, the
imposition of
financial discipline poses the bitter dilemma of efficiency versus security.
<25>
Accession Number
0321727
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Transformational Recession: A General Phenomenon Examined through the
Example of Hungary's Development.
Source
Economie Appliquee. Vol. 46 (2). p 181-227. 1993.
Abstract
All the postsocialist countries are in deep recession. This study discusses
the common features of these recessions, using the Hungarian economy as an
example. The author starts by considering the following general reasons for
the phenomenon: (1) the shift from a sellers' to a buyers' market, (2) the
transformation of the real structure of the economy, (3) the disturbances in
the coordination mechanisms, (4) the macro consequences of the hardening of
financial discipline, and (5) the backwardness of the financial system. The
components of macrodemand-investment, personal consumption, government
consumption, and exports are then examined one by one. The most important
factor here is the swindling propensity to investment. Finally comes a
summary of the conclusions to be drawn from the analysis. There are good
reasons for placing the tasks of emerging from the recession, recovery, at
the top of the list of economic "policy priorities, but without
permitting an
acceleration of inflation or a resumed increase in indebtedness. The study
ends by analyzing the political and economic"-psychological requirements for
recovery.
<26>
Accession Number
0343748
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Overcentralization in economic administration: A critical analysis based on
experience in Hungarian light industry.
Source
Reprint edition. Translated by John Knapp. Oxford and New York: Oxford
University Press. p xxxii, 241. 1994.
Abstract
Considers the economic administration of Hungarian light industry in 1955
and
the first half of 1956, focusing on the shoe, leather, woollen, and cotton
branches of state-owned and ministry controlled industry. Discusses the
system of instructions regulating production; incentives for top
managements;
and some useful and harmful tendencies that result from the joint effects of
plan instructions and incentives. Explores the relationship between light
industry and domestic commerce; problems in the field of materials supplies;
and the problem of achieving a proper balance between production and
consumption. Discusses excessive centralization as a sociopolitical problem
and assesses the rationalization measures of 1954 and other attempts to
develop local initiative and autonomy for enterprises. Originally published
in English in 1959; includes an English translation of the preface, written
in 1989, to the second Hungarian edition of the book. Kornai
is Professor of Economics at Harvard University and at the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences. No index.
<27>
Accession Number
0273992
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
Economist-Leiden. Vol. 140 (2). p 153-76. 1992.
Abstract
This paper surveys the choice criteria in selecting the mode of
privatization. The main aspects are: (1) the sociological aspect with a
longer time horizon, and in particular the objective to create a large class
of business people; (2) economic aspects, and in particular the objective to
increase efficiency and improve management; (3) political aspects and, (4)
distributional-ethical aspects, including considerations of restitution and
compensation for the loss of confiscated property. The paper discusses the
role of the state and the evolutionary character of the privatization
process, and analyzes various property forms. The significance of the
evolution of personal owners gets special emphasis. Further subjects of the
discussion are employee ownership, various forms of institutional ownership,
give-away schemes of privatization and property rights of foreigners.
Finally, the author explains his position concerning the speed of
privatization.
<28>
Accession Number
0293173
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Historical Mission of Heresy: Gyorgy Peter, the Reform Economist.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 45 (1-2). p 89-100. 1993.
Abstract
The study concerns the work as an economist of an outstanding pioneer of
concept of the Hungarian reform. The article compares the initial ideas
contained in Gyorgy Peter's studies and the official reform decisions with
the way they were implemented between 1968 and 1989. He establishes that the
reform blueprints were basically put into practice, but failed to have the
expected results: the system that came into being proved not to be stable or
lastingly viable. The failure was not due to faulty implementation, but to a
contradiction inherent in the ideas. The final part of the article
underlines
the great part played by the heretical ideas of Gyorgy Peter in eliminating
the old dogmas and stimulating new thinking.
<29>
Accession Number
0395695
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
Tinbergen lectures on economic policy. Knoester, A. Wellink, A. H. E. M.,
eds., Amsterdam; London and Tokyo: North-Holland; distributed in the U.S.
and Canada by Elsevier Science, New York. p 103-26. 1993. Previously
Published: 1992.
<30>
Accession Number
0386384
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Market Socialism Revisited.
Source
Market socialism: The current debate. Bardhan, Pranab K. Roemer, John E.,
eds., New York; Oxford; Toronto and Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p
42-68. 1993.
<31>
Accession Number
0269112
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The socialist system: The political economy of communism.
Source
Princeton: Princeton University Press. p xxviii, 644. 1992.
Abstract
Examines the phenomena, causal relationships, and regularities that are
similar in China, the Soviet Union, North Korea, Yugoslavia, and, in
general,
all countries where a Communist party was or still is in power. Provides a
detailed summary of the main features of the classical socialist system, the
process of reform, and the postsocialist transition. Examines the
antecedents and discusses the anatomy of the system in terms of power,
ideology, property, coordination mechanisms, planning and direct
bureaucratic
control, money and price, investment and growth, employment and wages,
shortage and inflation, consumption and distribution, and external economic
relations. Analyzes the process of reform in terms of the dynamics of the
changes, political liberalization, the rise of the private sector,
self-management, market socialism, price reforms, and macro tensions in the
postsocialist system. Kornai is Professor of Economics at
Harvard University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Author and
subject
indexes.
<32>
Accession Number
0265412
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Anti-equilibrium: On economic systems theory and the tasks of research.
Source
Reprints of Economic Classics. Fairfield, N.J.: Kelley. p xx, 402. 1991.
Abstract
Reprint of the original 1971 edition. Examines a number of fundamental
problems of economic theory, using an economic systems theory approach.
Kornai is Professor of Economics at the Institute of
Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Author and subject indexes.
<33>
Accession Number
0377962
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Affinity between Ownership and Coordination Mechanisms: The Common
Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
Constructing capitalism: The reemergence of civil society and liberal
economy in the post-Communist world. Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed., Boulder
and Oxford: Westview Press. p 97-116. 1992.
<34>
Accession Number
0269183
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Postsocialist Transition and the State: Reflections in the Light of
Hungarian Fiscal Problems.
Source
American Economic Review. Vol. 82 (2). p 1-21. May 1992.
<35>
Accession Number
0336654
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Stabilization and Economic Transition in Hungary: The Next Two Years.
Source
Trade theory and economic reform: North, South, and East: Essays in
honor of
Bela Balassa. [Balassa, Bela], Edited by Jaime de Melo and Andre Sapir
Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. p 307-26. 1991.
<36>
Accession Number
0237721
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The road to a free economy: Shifting from a socialist system: The example
of Hungary.
Source
New York and London: Norton. p 224. 1990.
Abstract
Based on a 1989 lecture outlining proposals for a new economic policy to be
pursued by the new Hungarian Parliament after the first free elections in
the spring of 1990. Presents a core of ideas applicable for countries in
their transition from socialism to a free economy. Focuses on the topical
tasks of the coming years, discussing ownership, macroeconomic
stabilization, and the relationship between the economy and politics.
Discusses ownership, concentrating on the private and public sectors.
Delineates the requirements for the private sector to succeed. Examines the
structure of the state sector. Describes the process of privatization as a
shift in the proportions between the two sectors. Considers other forms of
ownership such as cooperatives, labor management, and local state
ownership.
Discusses stabilization policies for stopping inflation, restoring budgetary
equilibrium, managing macrodemand, forming rational prices, and maintaining
humanitarian and economic reserves. Examines the stabilization operation in
an international context. Discusses the program for economic transition
from both political and economic points of view, noting sources of tension
and the need for a strong government. Kornai is Professor
of Economics at Harvard University and is a member of the Institute of
Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Index.
<37>
Accession Number
0239325
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Affinity between Ownership Forms and Coordination Mechanisms: The
Common
Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 4 (3). p 131-47. Summer 1990.
<38>
Accession Number
0238155
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland: Comments.
Source
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Vol. 0 (1). p 138-42. 1990.
<39>
Accession Number
0279733
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Affinity between Ownership and Coordination Mechanisms: The Common
Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
Market forces in planned economies: Proceedings of a conference held by the
International Economic Association in Moscow, USSR. Bogomolov, Oleg T., ed.,
New York: New York University Press; distributed by Columbia University
Press London: Macmillan in association with the International Economic
Association. p 32-54. 1990.
<40>
Accession Number
0261072
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Some Lessons from the Hungarian Experience for Chinese Reformers.
Source
Market reforms in socialist societies: Comparing China and Hungary. Van
Ness, Peter, ed., With contributions by G. Barany et al. Boulder and
London:
Rienner. p 75-106. 1989.
<41>
Accession Number
0259419
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality.
Source
Remaking the economic institutions of socialism: China and Eastern Europe.
Nee, Victor Stark, David, eds., With Mark Seldon Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford University Press. p 32-94. 1989.
<42>
Accession Number
0203824
Author
Kornai, Janos; Matits, Agnes.
Title
The Softness of Budgetary Constraints--An Analysis of Enterprise Data.
Source
Eastern European Economics. Vol. 25 (4). p 1-34. Summer 1987.
<43>
Accession Number
0203313
Author
Kornai, Janos; Daniel, Zsuzsa.
Title
The Chinese Economic Reform--as Seen by Hungarian Economists (Marginal Notes
to Our Travel Diary).
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 36 (3-4). p 289-305. 1986.
Abstract
In Chinese agriculture the so-called "responsibility system" entailing a
strong and direct int erest of peasant families has lent a great impetus to
production. In the state sector there exists a "'double regulation": the old
one, based on directive planning and the new one relying on enterprise
autonomy. The symbiosis of the two involves several kinds of
inconsistencies.
The budget constraint of state enterprises is soft: the profit to be
retained, the survival and growth of the enterprise all depend on
negotiations with superior authorities.
<44>
Accession Number
0212082
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Individual Freedom and Reform of the Socialist Economy.
Source
European Economic Review. Vol. 32 (2-3). p 233-67. March 1988.
<45>
Accession Number
0040061
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Source
Translated by Ilona Lukacs, Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu.
Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press. p ix, 165. 1986.
Abstract
Translation of Ellentmondasok es dilemmak (Hungary 1983, 1985). Contains
seven essays that have appeared previously in English in various journals
from 1979 to 1983. Essays are intended to discuss some contradictions and
dilemmas manifested in the everyday experience of the socialist economy.
They refer to the experiences of the Hungarian economy and make comparisons
between variants of the socialist system and between socialist and
capitalist
systems. Topics are: the reproduction of shortage; "hard" and "soft"
budget
constraint; degrees of paternalism; economics and psychology; comments on
the
present state and prospects of the Hungarian economic reform; efficiency and
the principles of socialist ethics; and the health of nations.
Kornai is Professor of Economics, Institute of Economics,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. No index.
<46>
Accession Number
0197412
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality.
Source
Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 24 (4). p 1687-1737. December 1986.
<47>
Accession Number
0029128
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Dual Dependence of the State-Owned Firm in Hungary.
Source
China's industrial reform. Tidrick, Gene, ed. Jiyuan, Chen, ed., Oxford;
New
York; Toronto and Melbourne: Oxford University Press for The World Bank. p
317-38. 1987.
<48>
Accession Number
0021878
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Health of Nations: Reflections on the Analogy between the Medical
Sciences and Economics.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 139-60. 1986. Previously Published: 1983.
<49>
Accession Number
0021877
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Efficiency and the Principles of Socialist Ethics.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 124-38. 1986. Previously Published: 1980.
<50>
Accession Number
0021876
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Comments on the Present State and the Prospects of the Hungarian Economic
Reform.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 81-123. 1986. Previously Published: 1983.
<51>
Accession Number
0021875
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
"Hard" and "Soft" Budget Constraint.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 33-51. 1986. Previously Published: 1980.
<52>
Accession Number
0021874
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Reproduction of Shortage.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 6-32. 1986. Previously Published: 1979.
<53>
Accession Number
0021873
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Contradictions and Dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist Economy and Society:
Introduction.
Source
Contradictions and dilemmas: Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
MIT Press. p 1-5. 1986.
<54>
Accession Number
0190748
Author
Kornai, Janos; Simonovits, Andras.
Title
Investment, Efficiency, and Shortage: A Macro-growth Model.
Source
Matekon. Vol. 22 (2). p 3-29. Winter 1985-86.
<55>
Accession Number
0190456
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Soft Budget Constraint.
Source
Kyklos. Vol. 39 (1). p 3-30. 1986.
<56>
Accession Number
0186563
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Gomulka on the Soft Budget Constraint: A Reply [Kornia's Soft Budget
Constraint and the Shortage Phenomenon: A Criticism and Restatement].
Source
Economics of Planning. Vol. 19 (2). p 49-55. 1985.
<57>
Accession Number
0183710
Author
Kornai, J.
Title
On the Explanatory Theory of Shortage. Comments [A Propos the Explanation of
Shortage Phenomena: Volume of Demand and Structural Inelasticity].
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 34 (1-2). p 145-62. 1985.
<58>
Accession Number
0155804
Author
Kornai, Janos; Jutta-Pietsch, Anna.
Title
Shortage as a Fundamental Problem of Centrally Planned Economies and the
Hungarian Reform [Interview].
Source
Economics of Planning. Vol. 18 (3). p 103-13. 1982.
<59>
Accession Number
0154974
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Hungary's Reform: Halfway to the Market.
Source
Challenge!. Vol. 28 (2). p 22-31. May-June 1985.
<60>
Accession Number
0153289
Author
Kornai, Janos; Matits, Agnes.
Title
Softness of the Budget Constraint-An Analysis Relying on Data of Firms.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 32 (3-4). p 223-49. 1984.
<61>
Accession Number
0010385
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Adjustment to Price and Quantity Signals in a Socialist Economy.
Source
The Economics of Relative Prices: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the
International Economic Association in Athens, Greece. Csikos-Nagy, Bela,
ed.
Hague, Douglas, ed. Hall, Graham, ed., New York: St. Martin's Press. p
60-77. 1984.
<62>
Accession Number
0010287
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Some Properties of the Eastern European Growth Pattern.
Source
The Modelling of Socio-Economic Planning Processes. Cohen, S. I., et al.,
ed., Aldershot, Hampshire, and Brookfield, Vt.: Gower. p 13-23. 1984.
Previously Published: 1981.
<63>
Accession Number
0148385
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Comments on the Present State and the Prospects of the Hungarian Economic
Reform.
Source
Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 7 (3). p 225-52. September 1983.
<64>
Accession Number
0138669
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Adjustment to Price and Quantity Signals in a Socialist Economy.
Source
Economie Appliquee. Vol. 35 (3). p 503-24. 1982.
<65>
Accession Number
0135573
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
Some Properties of the Eastern European Growth Pattern.
Source
World Development. Vol. 9 (9-10). p 965-70. September-October 1981.
<66>
Accession Number
0127823
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
"Hard" and "Soft" Budget Constraint.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 25 (3-4). p 231-45. 1980.
<67>
Accession Number
0121023
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Dilemmas of a Socialist Economy: The Hungarian Experience.
Source
Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol. 4 (2). p 147-57. June 1980.
<68>
Accession Number
0112804
Author
Kornai, J.
Title
Resource-Constrained versus Demand-Constrained Systems.
Source
Econometrica. Vol. 47 (4). p 801-19. July 1979.
<69>
Accession Number
0108065
Author
Kornai, Janos; Weibull, Jorgen W.
Title
The Normal State of the Market in a Shortage Economy: A Queue Model.
Source
Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Vol. 80 (4). p 375-98. 1978.
<70>
Accession Number
0098145
Author
Kornai, Janos; Simonovits, Andras.
Title
Decentralized Control Problems in Neumann-Economies.
Source
Journal of Economic Theory. Vol. 14 (1). p 44-67. Feb. 1977.
<71>
Accession Number
0163861
Author
Kornai, Janos.
Title
The Measurement of Shortage.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 16 (3-4). p 321-44. 1976.
<72>
Accession Number
0071402
Author
Kornai, Janos; Martos, Bela.
Title
Autonomous Control of the Economic System.
Source
Econometrica. Vol. 41 (3). p 509-28. May 1973.
<73>
Accession Number
0068650
Author
Rimler, Judit; Daniel, Zsuzsa; Kornai,
Janos.
Title
Macrofunctions Computed on the Basis of Plan Models.
Source
Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 8 (4). p 375-406. 1972.
Dr. Steve Keen
Senior Lecturer
Economics & Finance
University of Western Sydney Macarthur
Building 11 Room 30,
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