1. Plants with ± herbaceous habit and reduced embryo. . Monotropoideae,2
2. Plants with chlorophyll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyroleae
2. Plants lacking chlorophyll, i.e., strongly mycotrophic. . . . . .3
3. Stamen appendages present; multicellular hairs on leaves present;
embryo undeveloped with 30-40 cells. . . . . . . . . .Pterosporeae
3. Stamen appendages absent; multicellular hairs on leaves usually
absent; embryo extremely undeveloped, with less than 30 cells. .
. . . Monotropeae
1. Plants shrubs, trees, or lianas; embryo with differentiated
cotyledons. . . . . . .4
4. Pollen shed in monads; seeds with vascular bundle in raphe; anther
with a fibrous endothecium, opening by longitudinal slits. .
. . . Enkianthus (Enkianthoideae).
4. Pollen shed in tetrads; seeds lacking a vascular bundle in raphe;
anthers usually lacking a fibrous endothecium (except Bejaria),
opening by pores or slits . . . .5
5. Flowers wind-pollinated, inconspicuous, imperfect, with perianth of
distinct tepals, the stigma flabellate to pinnatifid; leaves always
ericoid . .
. . . .Ericoideae, Empetreae.
5. Flowers usually ± showy and insect or bird pollinated, usually
perfect, with perianth of a calyx and usually sympetalous corolla,
the stigma truncate to ± capitate, rarely cup-shaped or
funnel-shaped ;leaves ericoid to broad and flat. .6
6. Anthers bisporangiate, monothecal; leaves usually ± parallel veined
;stamens equaling the number of corolla lobes. Styphelioideae. 7
7. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.Leaf bases broadly sheathing the stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.Leaf scars annular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richeeae
9. Leaf scars absent - stems smooth. . . . . . . . . . . Cosmelieae
8. Leaf bases not sheathing (but may be stem-clasping). . . . . 10
10. Leaf margins serrate/serrulate, anthers dehiscing by two slits.
. . .Prionoteae
10.Leaf margins entire, anthers dehiscing by a single slit. . .. 11
11. Flowers pedicellate above the upper bracts. . . . . Archerieae
11. Flowers not pedicellate above the upper bracts. . Epacrideae
7. Fruit a drupe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Ovary 2 locular, corolla glabrous inside. . . . . Oligarrheneae
12. Ovary 1-10 locular, corolla hairy inside, or if glabrous then
ovary 1
locular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . Stypheliaeae
6. Anthers tetrasporangiate, dithecal; leaves pinnate to palmately
veined;stamens usually twice the number of corolla lobes,
occasionally reduced and equaling the corolla lobes . . . . . . . 13
13. Ovary inferior; anthers with tubules . Vaccinioideae, Vaccinieae
13. Ovary superior; anthers usually lacking tubules. . . . . . . 14
14. Anthers inverting just before anthesis; fruit with an endocarp,
indehiscent; 1 to a few ovules per locule. . . . . .Arbutoideae
14. Anthers inverting early in development of the flower; fruit
lacking an endocarp, usually dehiscent; ± several to numerous
ovules per locule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15. Corolla persistent; leaves ericoid. . . Ericoideae, Ericeae,
p.p.
15. Corolla deciduous; leaves ericoid to broad and flat . . . 16
16. Fruit a ± septicidal capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Stamens epipetalous 2/3 length of filament. . . Diplarche
(Rhodoreae)
17. Stamens not adnate to corolla. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Endothecium present and fibrous; flowers more than 5-
merous. . . . . . . . . . . . Bejarieae, (Bejaria)
18. Endothecium lacking, or present and lacking a fibrous
layer; flowers 4 or 5-merous. . . . . . . . . . . .19
19. Seeds papillose; pedicel lacking bracteoles;
filaments smooth. Daboecia (Ericoideae, Ericeae).
19. Seeds not papillose; pedicel with 2 bracteoles;
filaments roughened or unicellular-pubescent. .20
20. Leaves ericoid; viscin threads usually absent
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21. Petals distinct. Ericoideae, Bejarieae
21. Petals connate. .Phyllodoce (Ericoideae,
Phyllodoceae)
20. Leaves not ericoid, although sometimes with
revolute margins; often with viscin threads
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Pedicel usually not articulated with
flower; flowers usually zygomorphic and
with spots or a blotch; bracts usually
scarious; ovary ± ovoid to cylindric;
perulae usually present. . . . Ericoideae,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhodoreae p.p.
22. Pedicel articulated with pedicel; flowers
usually actinomorphic, lacking spots or a
blotch; bracts usually not scarious; ovary ±
globose to subglobose; perulae lacking. . .
. . . . . . . Ericoideae, Phyllodoceae p.p.
16. Fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, occasionally a berry.23
23. Leaves ericoid; bud scales lacking; anthers lacking
disintegration tissue; fibers lacking in petiole and leaf
midrib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24. Pith Calluna-type; leaves decussate; pedicel with 2
bracteoles; multicellular, branched or fasciculate
hairs present . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cassiopoideae
24. Pith homogeneous; leaves alternate; pedicel lacking
bracteoles; multicellular hairs lacking. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harrimanelloideae
23. Leaves not ericoid, although they may have a revolute
margin; bud scales present; anthers usually with
disintegration tissue; fibers associated with vascular
tissue in petiole and leaf midrib. . . . . . . . . . .25
25. Secondary phloem with bands of fibers; stamens
lacking appendages or with 2 spurs at anther-filament
junction or on upper portion of filament; leaf
epidermis ± lignified; filaments usually S-shaped. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccinioideae,Lyonieae
25. Secondary phloem lacking bands of fibers (except
Zenobia, which has 4 awns on anthers); stamens
lacking appendages or with 2 or 4 awns arising ± from
anther apex; leaf epidermis not lignified (except
Andromeda, which has 2 awns on anthers); filaments
straight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26. Leaves lacking multicellular hairs, except for ±
globose, non-glandular hairs associated with
serrations in Zenobia; stomata anomocytic. . .
. . . . . . . . . . Vaccinioideae, Andromedeae
26. Leaves with scattered gland-headed, multi-
cellular hairs; stomata usually paracytic. . 27
27. Pedicel not articulated; inflorescence
terminal; flowers borne on shoots of
the current season; anthers not appendaged;
fruits ± elongate-ovoid. . . .
. . . . . . . . Vaccinioideae, Oxydendreae
27. Pedicel articulated with flower;
inflorescences usually axillary; flowers
usually on shoots of the previous season;
anthers often with 4 "apical" appendages (awns); fruits
± globose to subglobose. . . .
. . . . . . . . .Vaccinioideae, Gaultherieae
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