Introduction

This bibliography begins with a few articles that might serve as an introduction to the field, and which confront the broad question -- "what are the goals of criminal procedure?" Subsequent listings are divided into parts, chapters and topics, following the organization of Criminal Procedures. An article that raises questions applicable to an entire part of the field is listed without a chapter or topic reference.

The point of these listings is not to encourage newcomers to criminal procedure to add substantially to already hefty study obligations. But some students will want to peruse the formal literature to see the major dividing lines, or to use classic articles to help review the materials, or to get some sense of how arguments have changed the law. Other users might be looking for some help in identifying those articles which have made a lasting impact, or offer a good place to start. We offer the following suggestions for all of these people.

Goals of Criminal Procedure

The following articles provide a general introduction to the field of criminal procedure and its overall goals.

Herbert L. Packer, The Courts, The Police, and The Rest of Us, 57 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 238, 239 (1966).

Robert Weisberg,Foreward: Criminal Procedure Doctrine: Some Versions of the Skeptical, 76 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 832 (1985)

Frank Easterbrook, Criminal Procedure As a Market System, 12 J. Legal Stud. 289 (1983)

The Warren, Burger & Rehnquist Courts

One broad issue debated extensively in the literature is whether the Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts have applied different principles to criminal procedure issues.

Peter Arenella, Rethinking the Functions of Criminal Procedure: The Warren and Burger Courts' Competing Ideologies, 72 Geo.L.J. 185 (1983)

Jerrold Israel, Criminal Procedure, The Burger Court, and the Legacy of the Warren Court, 75 Mich. L. Rev. 1319 (1977).

Yale Kamisar, The Warren Court (Was It Really So Defense Minded?), The Burger Court (Was It Really So Prosecution Oriented?) and Police Investigatory Practices, in THE BURGER COURT: THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION THAT WASN'T 62 (V. Blasi ed. 1983).

Stephen Saltzburg, Foreword: The Flow and Ebb of Constitutional Criminal Procedure in the Warren and Burger Courts, 69 Geo. L.J. 1512 (1980).

Charles H. Whitebread, The Burger Court's Counter-Revolution in Criminal Procedure: The Recent Criminal Decisions of the United States Supreme Court, 24 Washburn L.J. 471, 471 (1985).

Louis Seidman, Factual Guilt and the Burger Court: An Examination of Continuity and Change in Criminal Procedure, 80 Colum. L. Rev. 436 (1980).

Comparative Criminal Procedure

[Note: Comparative articles also appear in particular topic areas]

Richard S. Frase,Comparative Criminal Justice as a Guide to American Law Reform: How Do the French Do It, How Can We Find Out, and Why Should We Care?, 78 Cal.L.Rev. 539, 612-40 (1990).

Thomas Weigend, Continental Cures for American Ailments: European Criminal Procedure as a Model for Law Reform, 2 Crime & Just. 381 (1980).

William T. Pizzi & Luca Marafioti, The New Italian Code of Criminal Procedure: The Difficulties of Building an Adversarial Trial System on a Civil Law Foundation, 17 Yale J. Int'l L. 1 (1992)

Mirjan R. Damaska, THE FACES OF JUSTICE AND STATE AUTHORITY (1986)

Part One - Gathering Information

Community Caretaker Function

Kathryn R. Urbonya, Dangerous Misperceptions: Protecting Police Officers, Society, and the Fourth Amendment Right to Personal Security, 22 Hastings Const. L.Q. 623) (1995)

Curfews

Katherine Hunt Federle, Children, Curfews, and the Constitution, 73 Wash. U. L.Q. 1315 (1995)

CHAPTER 2. BRIEF STOPS AND SEARCHES

Sobriety Checkpoints

There are many student articles on sobriety checkpoints. One of the fewer number of professional articles is:

Jacobs & Strossen, Mass Investigations Without Individualized Suspicion: A Constitutional and Policy Critique of Drunk Driving Roadblocks, 18 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 595, 631-32 (1985)

Terry

Wayne LaFave, 'Street Encounters' and the Constitution: Terry, Sibron, Peters, and Beyond, 67 Mich. L. Rev. 40 (1968)

Scott E. Sundby, A Return to Fourth Amendment Basics: Undoing the Mischief of Camara and Terry, 72 Minn. L. Rev. 383 (1988)

Camara

Wayne LaFave, Administrative Searches and the Fourth Amendment: The Camara and See Cases, 1967 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1

CHAPTER 3. FULL SEARCHES OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

General Theory of Fourth Amendment

Amsterdam, Perspectives on the Fourth Amendment, 58 Minn. L. Rev. 349, 393-94 (1974)

Weinreb, Generalities of the Fourth Amendment, 42 U. Chi. L. Rev. 47, 49 (1974) (doctrine is unstable)

Bradley, Two Models of the Fourth Amendment, 83 Mich. L. Rev. 1468, 1468-69 (1985)

Wasserstrom, The Incredible Shrinking Fourth Amendment, 21 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 257, 258-62 (1984)

Posner, Rethinking the Fourth Amendment, 1981 Sup. Ct. Rev. 49.

Akhil Amar, Fourth Amendment First Principles, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 757 (1994)

Warrant Requirement

Good Faith Exception / GATES

Knock and Announce Requirement

(Articles suggested by Roy Ben-Yoseph, Emory Law School, Crim Pro I, 1996):

Joseph Grano, Probable Cause and Common Sense: A Reply to the Critics of Illinois v. Gates, 17 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 465, 505-12 (1984).

Mark Josephson, Fourth Amendment--Must Police Knock and Announce Themselves Before Kicking in the Door of a House?, 86 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1229 (1996).

Jennifer Goddard, The Destruction of Evidence Exception to the Knock and Announce Rule: A Call for Protection of Fourth Amendment Rights, 75 B.U. L. Rev. 449 (1995).

Rick L. Sorensen, State v. Ribe: Police Must "Knock and Announce" Before Entering Premises Even if Announcement Has Been Made to Fleeing Defendant Outside Premises, 21 J. Contemp. L. 108 (1995).

Charles Patrick Garcia, The Knock and Announce Rule: A New Approach to the Destruction-of-Evidence Exception, 93 Colum. L. Rev. 685 (1993).

T. David Purcell, Illinois Supreme Court Misapplies the "Totality of the Circumstances" Test in Evaluating No-Knock Entries, 18 S. Ill. U. L.J. 495 (1995).

CHAPTER 4. SEARCHES IN RECURRING PLACES AND CONTEXTS

Drug Testing in Schools

(articles suggested by Eva Jabber, Crim Pro I, Emory School of Law, 1996):

11-SUM Crim. Just. 46 Summer, 1996 Department Juvenile Justice WEAPONS IN SCHOOLS AND ZERO TOLERANCE Robert E. Shepherd, Jr. Anthony J. DeMarco

(Discussion of the measures taken to rid schools of weapons and drugs. Main issues confronted are searches by school officials, and, student statements taken by school authorities without giving a Miranda warning.)

45 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1041 Spring 1996 Note AN EVENHANDED APPROACH TO DIMINISHING STUDENT PRIVACY RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: VERNONIA SCHOOL DISTRICT V. ACTON Marc A. Stanislawczyk

(Examination of the evolution of the balancing test that the Supreme Court has applied in analyzing the constitutionality of administrative searches, focusing on VERNONIA V. ACTON)

69 St. John's L. Rev. 481 Summer-Fall 1995 Symposium STUDENTS' FOURTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS AFTER TINKER: A HALF FULL GLASS? Jacqueline A. Stefkovich

(An analysis of TINKER V. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT and its progeny to discuss students' rights to privacy and to due process under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments)

Janet R. Price et al., THE RIGHTS OF STUDENTS: THE BASIC ACLU GUIDE TO A STUDENT'S RIGHTS 80-89 (3d ed. 1988)

(Explains issues of students' Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure. Issues include whether school officials can: search students' lockers and desks; require students to submit to blood and urine tests for drugs; use evidence obtained in an illegal search to prosecute or discipline a student; perform strip searches on students.)

CHAPTER 5. ARRESTS

Domestic Abuse Arrest Policies

Deadly Force

CHAPTER 6. REMEDIES FOR UNREASONABLE SEARCHES & SEIZURES

Dallin H. Oaks, Studying the Exclusionary Rule in Search and Seizure, 37 U. Chi. L. Rev. 665 (1970)

Bradley C. Canon, Is the Exclusionary Rule in Failing Health? Some New Data and a Plea Against a Precipitous Conclusion, 62 Ky. L.J. 681 (1974)

James E. Spiotto, Search and Seizure: An Empirical Study of the Exclusionary Rule and Its Alternatives, 2 J. Legal Stud. 243 (1973)

Critique, On the Limitations of Empirical Evaluations of the Exclusionary Rule: A Critique of the Spiotto Research and United States v. Calandra, 69 Nw. U. L. Rev. 740 (1974).

Anthony Amsterdam, The Supreme Court and the Rights of Suspects in Criminal Cases, 45 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 785, 792 (1970)

Davies, A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the 'Costs' of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of 'Lost' Arrests, 1982 Am. Bar Found. Research J. 611

CHAPTER 7. THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY AND POLITICS

CHAPTER 8. INTERROGATIONS

Welsh S. White, Confessions Induced by Broken Government Promises, 43 Duke L.J. 947 (1994)

Miranda

Impact of Miranda

Project, Interrogations in New Haven: The Impact of Miranda, 76 Yale L.J. 1519 (1967)

Part Two. Charging, Preliminary Evaluation of Charges, and Punishment Without Conviction

CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX INVESTIGATIONS AND THE GRAND JURY

PART TWO. CHARGING, PRELIMINARY EVALUTION OF CHARGES, AND PUNISHMENT WITHOUT CONVICTION

Charging, Preliminary Evaluation of Charges, and Punishment Without Conviction

CHAPTER 10. RIGHT TO COUNSEL

David Luban, Are Criminal Defenders Different?, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 1729 (1993)

Abraham S. Goldstein, The State and the Accused: Balance of Advantage in Criminal Procedure, 69 Yale L.J. 1149 (1960).

William H. Simon, The Ethics of Criminal Defense, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 1703 (1993)

Michael McConville & Chester L. Mirsky, Criminal Defense of the Poor in New York City, 15 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 581, 759, 762 (1986-1987).

Monroe H. Freedman, Professional Responsibility of the Criminal Defense Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions, 64 Mich. L. Rev. 1469, 1471 (1966)

Robert Weisberg, Who Defends Capital Defendants?, 35 Santa Clara L. Rev. 535 (1995)

Bennett L. Gershman, The New Prosecutors, 53 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 393 (1992)

Charles Ogletree, Beyond Justifications: Seeking Motivations to Sustain Public Defenders, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1239 (1993)

Charles Ogletree, From Mandela to Mthwana: Providing Counsel to the Unrepresented Accused in South Afria, 75 B.U.L. Rev. 1 (1995)

CHAPTER 11. DETENTION AND BAIL

CHAPTER 12. CHARGING

Charging Discretion

James Vorenberg, Decent Restraint of Prosecutorial Power, 94 Harv.L.Rev. 1521 (1981)

William T. Pizzi, Understanding Prosecutorial Discretion in the United States: The Limits of Comparative Criminal Procedure as an Instrument of Reform, 54 Ohio St. L.J. 1325 (1993)

Robert Vouin, The Role of the Prosecutor in French Criminal Trials, 18 Am.J.Comp.L. 483, 488-92 (1970)

Abraham S. Goldstein & Martin Marcus, The Myth of Judicial Supervision in Three "Inquisitorial" Systems: France, Italy and Germany, 87 Yale L.J. 240, 279-83 (1977)

John H. Langbein, Land Without Plea Bargaining: How the Germans Do It, 78 Mich.L.Rev. 204 (1979)

Kenneth C. Davis, DISCRETIONARY JUSTICE: A PRELIMINARY INQUIRY (1969)

John H. Langbein, COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: GERMANY (1977)

CHAPTER 13. PRE-TRIAL CHALLENGES

CHAPTER 14. FORFEITURE

Sandra Guerra, Reconciling Federal Asset Forfeitures and Drug Offense Sentencing, 78 Minn. L. Rev. 805 (1994)

ranch forfeit / constable blundered

Part Three. Resolution of Guilt or Innocence: Plea Bargaining, Trial, and Other Alternatives

CHAPTER 16. CRIMINAL DISCOVERY

CHAPTER 17. GUILTY PLEAS AND PLEA BARGAINS

CHAPTER 18. THE CRIMINAL TRIAL

CHAPTER 19. THE CRIMINAL JURY

Part Four: Measuring and Reassessing Guilt and Punishment

Daniel J. Freed, Federal Sentencing in the Wake of Guidelines: Unacceptable Limits on the Discretion of Sentencers, 101 Yale L.J. 1681 (1992)

Marvin E. Frankel, Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order 89 (1973)

Stanton Wheeler, Kenneth Mann & Austin Sarat, Sitting in Judgment: The Sentencing of White Collar Criminals (1988)

CHAPTER 21. DEATH PENALTY SUPERPROCEDURE

CHAPTER 22. PUNISHMENT AND RACE

CHAPTER 23. APPEALS

CHAPTER 24. POST-CONVICTION JUDICIAL REVIEW

CHAPTER 25. POST-CONVICTION EXECUTIVE REVIEW

Miscellaneous

Dorothy C. Culver, Bibliography of Crime and Criminal Justice 1927-1931 (1934) (reprinted in 1969)

John Cumming, A Contribution Towards A Bibliography Dealing with Crime and Cognate Subjects (1935) (reprinted in 1970)

Dorothy C. Culver, Bibliography of Crime and Criminal Justice 1932-1937 (1939) (reprinted in 1969)

Dorothy C. Tompkins, Sources for the Study of the Administration of Criminal Justice 1938-1948 -- A Selected Bibliography (1949) (reprinted in 1970)

Dorothy C. Tompkins, Administration of Criminal Justice 1949-1956 (1956) (reprinted in 1970)